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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Graves Disease
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HYPERSECRETION Auto Immune problem involving (thyroid hormone)
*Overproduction of thyroid hormones (most common) -Elevated heart rate -Irregular heartbeat -Nervousness -Weight loss -Exophthalmos |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
*Affects your bodies ability to use the energy found in food hyposecretion of the pancreas |
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Pituitary Dwarfism |
HYPOSECRETION of growth hormone |
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Gigantism (children)
Acromegaly (Adults) |
HYPERSECRETION of growth hormone |
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Parathyroid Hormone |
*Controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue
Hypersecretion: Excessive bone degradation would cause high blood calcium levels. Hyposecretion: Low blood Calcium, Tetany (twitching muscle) |
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Addison's Disease |
HYPOSECRETION of the Adrenal Cortex *Produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by adrenal glands. |
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Thyroid hormone T4 -thyroxine T3- triiodothyronine |
*Produces bodys major metabolic hormones
Hypersecretion: Graves disease Hyposecretion: Adults (Myxedema) goiter Children (Cretnism) mentally retarded
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Adrenal Medulla |
The gland that controls the flight or fight reaction. |
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Pancreas |
*Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. |
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Hypophysis |
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine |
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cAMP signaling system
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2.)Receptor activates G protein 3.)G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4.) Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger) 5.) cAMP activates protein kinases |
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Lutheinizing Hormone (LH)
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Females: Triggers ovulation and stimulates release of other reproductive hormones Males: Stimulates release of testosterone |
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Follicle- stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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Stimulates the development of gametes (eggs and sperm)
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oxytocin
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Stimulates of uterine contractions Also triggers milk ejection in women producing milk Plays a role in sexual arousal and orgasm in males & females. |
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Antidiuretic hormone
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If solute concentration is low *ADH is not released allowing water loss Alcohol inhibits ADH release and causes copious urine output. Deficiency: huge output of urine and intense thirst. hypersecretion: retention of fluid,headache and disorientation due to brain edema, weight gain and decrease solute concentration in the blood. |
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Calcitonin
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produced by parafollicular (C) Cells Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH) Inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Calcium from bone matrix |
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Parathyroid Glands
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4 to 8 tiny glands in the posterior aspect of the thyroid Contain oxyphil cells Most important hormone in calcium homeostasis |
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Glucagon Glycogenolysis-Breakdown of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis- synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates |
*Major target is the liver, where it promotes -Release of glucose to the blood |
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Insulin |
lowers blood glucose levels
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Polyuria
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Huge urine output (Poly) |
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Polydipsia
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excessive thirst (poly) |
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Polyphagia
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Excessive hunger and food consumption(poly)
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Hyperinsulinism
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Excessive insulin secretion; results in hypeglycemia, disorientation, uncounsciousness
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Endocrine system
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*hormones transported in the blood *Responses occur slowly but last longer of those of the nervous system. *some organs produce both hormones (pancreas, gonads) *hypothalamus had both neural & endocrine functions |
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Amino acid based hormones
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Amines, thyroxine, peptides, and proteins.
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Steriods
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*Sythesized from cholesterol *Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones |
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Mechanisms of hormone action
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1) Alter plasma membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels 2) stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules 3)Activate of deactivate enzyme systems 4) induce secretory activity 5) Stimulate mitosis 2 mechanism depending on their chemical nature. |
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Water soluble hormones
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All amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone *cannot enter target cells * act on plasma membrane receptors * coupled by G proteins to intracellular 2nd messengers that mediate the target cells response |
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Lipid soluble hormones (steroid & thyroid hormones)
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Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes.
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Target cell Specificity
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Target cells must have specific receptors to which the hormone binds. * ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells of the adrenal cortex. *Thyroxin receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body. |
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Target cell activation
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Activation depends on 3 factors *blood levels of hormones *relative number of receptors on or in the target cell *Affinity of binding between receptor & hormone |
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UPregulation
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Target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone
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DOWNregulation
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target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone
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Hormones in the blood
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Hormones circulate in the blood free or bound *steroids & thyroid hormone are attached to plasma proteins *all others circulate without carries |
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Degrading enzymes Kidneys Liver Half life- the time required for a hormones blood level to decrease by half |
hormones are removed from the blood by
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Permissiveness
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1 hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
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Synergism
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more than 1 hormone produces that same effects on the target cell
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Antagonism
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1 or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone.
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blood levels of hormones
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Are controlled by negative feedback systems |
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Humoral stimuli
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Changing blood levels of ions & nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones Examples: Ca2 in the blood *declining blood Ca2 concentration stimulates the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (paraythyroid hormone) *PTH causes Ca2 concentrations to rise & the stimulus is removed * |
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Neural stimuli
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Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release *sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines |
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Hormonal stimuli
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Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones.
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Nervous system modulation
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The nervous system modifies the stimulation of endocrine glands & their negative feedback Example: Under severe stress, the hypothalamus & the sympathetic nervous system are activated. *as a result body glucose levels rise. |
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The pituitary Gland & hypothalamus
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Has 2 major lobes
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Pituicytes-Posterior pituitary
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(glial like supporting cells) and nerve fibers
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Adenohypophysis - Anterior pituitary
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Glandular tissue
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Anterior pituitary hormones
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*Growth hormone (GH) *Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin *Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) *Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) *Luteinizing hormone (LH) *Prolactin (PRL) All are proteins All except GH affect their target organs via cyclic AMP messenger system |
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Trophic hormones
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TSH, ACTH, FSH & LH (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.)
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Growth Hormone (GH)
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*Stimulates most cells, but targets bone & skeletal musle *Promotes protein synthesis & encourages use of fats for fuel |
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Direct Action of Growth Hormone
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*Stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce insulin like growth factors * Mobilizes fats, elevates blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake & encouraging glycogen breakdown. *Acts directly on cells, not other endocrine organs |
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Thyroid Stimulating hormone
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*Produced by thyrotrophs of the anterior pituitary * stimulates the normal development & secretory activity of the thyroid *Regulation of TSH release |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)
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Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids.
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Gonadotropins
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) *LH promotes production of gonadal hormones |
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Prolactin (PRL)
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Stimulates milk production *Suckling stimulates PRH release & promotes continued milk production. |
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The posterior pituitary
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*Contains axons of hypothalamic neurons * Stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin *ADH and oxytocin are released in response to nerve impulses |
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Thyroid gland
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*consists of 2 lateral lobes connected by a median mass called the isthmus * the largest pure endocrine gland in the body *Parafollicicular cells produce the hormone calcalcitonin |
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Adrenal Cortex
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3 layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids Zonaglomerulosa-mineralocorticoids Zonafasciculata-glucocorticoids Zonareticularis-sex hormones or gonads |
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Mineralocoticoids
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Regulate electrolytes (primarily Na+ and K+) in ECF *Aldosteronism is the most potent |
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Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
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*Keep blood sugar levels relatively constant *Maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors. * Promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids,a nd amino acids helping us adapt to intermittent food intake |
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Cushions syndrome
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HYPERsecretion *Depresses cartilage and bone formation *Inhibits inflammation *depresses the immune system *Decreases inflammatory chemicals *changes in cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal function. |
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Gonadocorticoids(sex hormones)
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Most are androgens (male sex hormones) that are converted to testosterone in tissue cells or estrogens in females.
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Pineal Gland
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Small gland handing from the roof of the third ventricle. SLEEP (melatonin) |
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Pancreas
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(BOTH exocrine & endocrine cells) *Acinar cells (exocrine) produce an enzyme rich juice for digestion *Pancreatis islets (islets of Langerhans) contain endocrine cells Alpha cells-produce glucagon Beta cells_ produce Insulin |
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Ovaries & Placenta
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*Gonads produce steroid sex hormones *Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone |
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Testes
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*Testes produce testosterone that initiates maturation of male reproductive organs *Is necessary for normal sperm production |
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Kidneys
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*Erythropoietin Signals production of red blood cells *RENIN initiates the renin-angiotensin mechanism |
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Skin
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Vitamin D
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Adipose tissue
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Leptin is involved in appetite control, and stimulates increased energy expenditure
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Skeleton
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(Osteoblasts) Osteocalcin prods pancreatic beta cells to divide and secrete more insulin, improving glucose handling and reducing body fat
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Thymus
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Thymulin= development of the T Lymphocytes in the immune response.
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Cretinism
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HYPOSECRETION in infants (TH hormones)
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myxedema; endemic (Goiter)
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HYPOSECRETION in adults ( TH hormones) *Lack of Iodine* |
