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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the lobes of the brain.
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Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal
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What does the left side of the brain specialize in?
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Language and math skills.
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What does the right side of the brain specialize in?
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Visual-spacial and creative abilities. Face and expression recognition, the emotional contenet of language and odor discrimination.
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What is another name for grey matter (it is superficial)?
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Cerebrial cortex
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What are the functions of the cerebral cortex (grey matter)?
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Higher thought functions, voluntary initiation of movement and concious sensory perception.
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What is deep to the cerebral cortex?
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Central White matter.
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What is White matter made up of?
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Myelinated axon, or tracts.
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What are the 3 tracts in the central white matter of the brain?
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Association, Commissural and Projection.
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What do the Association Tracts do?
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They connect different regions in the same hemisphere.
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What to Commissural Tracts do?
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Connect the 2 hemispheres together. Example is the Corpus Callosum.
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What do Projection Tracts do?
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Link the cerebral cortex to the lower brain and spinal cord.
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What are cerebral nuclei?
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Paired masses of gray matter deep in the brain. Also called Basal nuclei or basal ganglia.
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What is the Diencephalon?
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It connects the hemispheres to the brainstem.
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What is in (the components of) the diencephalon?
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Thalamus, Hypothalamus and the Epithalamus.
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What is the Thalamus?
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Its the relay station between the cerebral cortex and sensory information.
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What is the Hypothalamus?
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It regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, body temp, sex drive, rage and other things. Produces Oxytocin and ADH.
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What is the Epithalamus?
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It contains pineal gland. It is involved in sleep wake cycles.
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What is in the brainstem?
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Mesencephalon or midbrain, the Pons and the medulla oblongata.
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What makes up the midbrain and what are the functions of each part?
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Superior and inferior colliculi- responsible for auditory and visual reflexes.
Cerebral peduncles- responsibe for motor functions. Cranial nerves III & IV attach here. |
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What is the Pons?
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It allows communication between the hemispheres and between the cerebrum and cerebellum. It helps control breathing.
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What is the medulla oblongata?
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It relays info to and from the cerebellum. Also regulates respiration, HR & BP.
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What does the cerebellum do?
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It smooths & coordinates body movements & maintains posture & equilbrium. 4th ventricle is also located here.
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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There are 12 pairs.
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Are the cranial nerves part of the CNS?
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No, but they are directly connected to the brain.
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Learn the basic function and location of all 12 cranial nerves.
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Know one function of each nerve!
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What is the Spinal cord?
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It links the brain to the PNS. Also does some integration of incoming sensory info and produces responses. (spinal reflexes like the knee jerk reflex)
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Name some general features of the Spinal cord.
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Hollow cylindrical structure that starts at the Foramen Mangum. It ends at L1 or L2. It becomes Meninges after L1 or L2 to the 2nd sacral vertebra.
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What occurs at the 2nd Vertebra?
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This is where the epidural space is. Anesthetics are introduced here.
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How many pairs of spinal nerves branch off the spinal cord?
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31 pairs.
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What is cervical enlargement?
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a plump region of the spinal cord where nerves to/from the upper limbs arise.
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What is Lumbar enlargment?
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Plump region of spinal cord where nerves to/from lower limbs arise.
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What is the Conus Medullaris?
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the cone shaped end of the spinal cord.
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What is the cauda equina?
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the "horses tail" it is the collection of lumbar and sacral nerves that run through the vertebral cavity after the spinal cord ends.
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What is the Filum Terminale?
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Connective tissue covered with pia matter. it attaches to the coccyx and anchors the spinal cord to the vertebral cavity. It is NOT nervous tissue.
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Where are the grey matter and white matter located in the spinal cord?
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Grey matter inside and White matter outside. (opposite of the brain)
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What makes "white matter" white?
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the mylenation around the neurons. It is mostly made up of fats.
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Name 2 key facts about the Central canal of the spinal cord.
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It is continuous with brain ventricles and it contains CSF.
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What type of receptor is a spinal reflex?
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A sensory receptor.
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Where are sensory neurons located?
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THe cell body is located in the dorsal root ganglion and the axon (nerve fiber) is runs through the dorsal root of the spinal nerve.
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What is the medulla oblongata?
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It relays info to and from the cerebellum. Also regulates respiration, HR & BP.
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What does the cerebellum do?
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It smooths & coordinates body movements & maintains posture & equilbrium. 4th ventricle is also located here.
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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There are 12 pairs.
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Are the cranial nerves part of the CNS?
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No, but they are directly connected to the brain.
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Learn the basic function and location of all 12 cranial nerves.
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Know one function of each nerve!
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What is the Spinal cord?
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It links the brain to the PNS. Also does some integration of incoming sensory info and produces responses. (spinal reflexes like the knee jerk reflex)
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Name some general features of the Spinal cord.
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Hollow cylindrical structure that starts at the Foramen Mangum. It ends at L1 or L2. It becomes Meninges after L1 or L2 to the 2nd sacral vertebra.
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What occurs at the 2nd Vertebra?
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This is where the epidural space is. Anesthetics are introduced here.
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How many pairs of spinal nerves branch off the spinal cord?
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31 pairs.
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What is cervical enlargement?
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a plump region of the spinal cord where nerves to/from the upper limbs arise.
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What is the medulla oblongata?
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It relays info to and from the cerebellum. Also regulates respiration, HR & BP.
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What does the cerebellum do?
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It smooths & coordinates body movements & maintains posture & equilbrium. 4th ventricle is also located here.
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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There are 12 pairs.
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Are the cranial nerves part of the CNS?
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No, but they are directly connected to the brain.
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Learn the basic function and location of all 12 cranial nerves.
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Know one function of each nerve!
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What is the Spinal cord?
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It links the brain to the PNS. Also does some integration of incoming sensory info and produces responses. (spinal reflexes like the knee jerk reflex)
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Name some general features of the Spinal cord.
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Hollow cylindrical structure that starts at the Foramen Mangum. It ends at L1 or L2. It becomes Meninges after L1 or L2 to the 2nd sacral vertebra.
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What occurs at the 2nd Vertebra?
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This is where the epidural space is. Anesthetics are introduced here.
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How many pairs of spinal nerves branch off the spinal cord?
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31 pairs.
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What is cervical enlargement?
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a plump region of the spinal cord where nerves to/from the upper limbs arise.
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What is an interneuron and is it always going t be present?
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It is a neuron that communicates between different levels in the spinal cord. No, they are not always present.
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Where is a Motor neuron located?
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Cell body is in the grey matter of the spinal cord and the axon runs through the ventral root of the spinal nerve.
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Are spinal reflexes fater or slower than reflexes sent to the brain? Why?
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THey are faster because the reation comes from the spinal cord and the brain is not involved in the process, but the information is still sent to the brain.
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Name 4 key elements about spinal nerves.
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The dorsal and ventral roots come together to form a spinal nerve, they are a "mixed" nerve (not just sensory or just motor), they exit the vertebral canal throught intervertebral foramina and there are 31 pairs.
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What do almost all spinal nerves immediately branch into?
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Dorsal ramus and ventral ramus (rami plural)
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What do the dorsal rami innervate?
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They innervate the muscle and skin of the back.
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What do the ventral rami innervate?
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They innervate all structures anterior to the vertebral column, the limbs, organs etc. They often form networks of nerves called Plexi (singular plexus).
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What is the most important nerve in the cervical plexus?
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The Phrenic nerve
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What does the phrenic nerve control?
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It controls the diaphragm.
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What does the brachial plexus control?
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It innervates the muscles and skin of the shoulder and the arm.
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Learn one structure controled by each nerve:
Axillary nerve Radial Nerve Musculocutaneous Nerve Median Nerve Ulnar nerve Long Thoracic Nerve |
Axillary: deltiod
Radial: triceps Musculocutaneous: Biceps brachii Median: Thumb and lateral 2 fingers (pointer and bird finger) Ulnar: medial 2 fingers (pinky and ring finger) Long Thoracic: Serratus anterior |
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Do throacic spinal nerves form a plexus? And what do they become?
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No, they do not form plexi, they become the intercostal nerves.
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What is in the Lumbar plexus and what does it innervate?
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The Femoral nerve and the Obturator nerve and it innervates the gluteal region and thigh.
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Know one structure innervated by each nerve:
Femoral Nerve Obturator Nerve |
Femoral: Quardricepts
Obturator: Gracillis |
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What is in the Sacral and what does it innervate?
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The pudendal nerve and the Sciatic nerve and it innervates the thigh and leg.
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What is the largest nerve in the body?
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The sciatic nerve.
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Name the 2 branches of the Sciatic nerve.
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Tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.
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KNow one structure innervated by each nerve:
Tibial Nerve Common Fibular nerve |
Tibial: gastrocnemius
Common Fibular: Short head of the biceps Femoris. |
