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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Healthy adults average caloric intake
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2000-3000 is the normal range
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Those in the United States at risk for an inadequate nutritional intake:
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•Older adults living on fixed incomes
•Homeless people •Children of economically deprived parents •Pregnant teenagers •People with substance abuse problems •Clients with eating disorders |
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How many calories in Proteins?
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Proteins yield 4 kcal/g
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How many calories in carbohydrates?
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carbohydrates yield 4 kcal/g
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How many calories in fats?
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fats yield 9 kcal/g
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How many calories in Alcohol?
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Alcohol yields 7 kcal/g
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What protein components must come from food because the body cannot synthesize them?
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essential amino acids
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What protein components manufactured within the body?
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Nonessential amino acids
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What is protein's primary function?
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build, maintain, and repair tissue (also very important for wound healing)
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What are some Good sources of protein?
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milk, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes (peas, beans, peanuts), nuts, and components of grains
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What sources provide complete proteins (contain all the essential amino acids?
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Animal sources
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What sources contain incomplete proteins (contain only some essential amino acids)?
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plant sources
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What nutrients contain molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are found generally in plant food sources?
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Carbohydrates
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What is the body's primary source for quick energy?
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Carbohydrates
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What is the undigestible fiber in the stems, skins, and leaves of fruits and vegetables, which forms intestinal bulk?
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cellulose
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What is important for promoting bowel elimination?
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Fiber
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Fat travels through the body by attaching to what?
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lipoproteins
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What is the concentrated energy source, supplying more than twice the calories per gram than either proteins or carbohydrates?
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fat
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good cholesterol
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HDL
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bad cholesterol
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LDL
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Solid fats
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Saturated fats
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fats liquid a room temperature
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unsaturated fats
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What vitamins (B complex, C) are eliminated with body fluids and so require daily replacement?
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Water-soluble
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What vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are stored in the body as reserves for future needs.
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Fat-soluble
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What involves combining two or more incomplete plant proteins to provide all the essential amino acids present in animal protein sources?
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Protein complementation
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What lab tests show whether a patient is anemic?
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hemoglobin and hemocrit
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What body change is associated with a higher incidence of heart and vascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus?
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An increased proportion of abdominal fat
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What should a Vegan take every day?
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a calcium supplement that supplies at least 800 mg per day
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What is it called when you are feeling faint or weak, dizziness, perspiration, skin pallor, rapid pulse rate and headache?
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Nausea
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What is anorexia?
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loss of appetite
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Older adults get diminished senses of smell and taste because...
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taste buds atrophy
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What is the fluid inside cells?
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Intracellular fluid
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What is the fluid outside cells?
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extracellular fluid
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What is the fluid in the tissue space between and around cells?
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interstitial fluid
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What is the watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood?
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intravascular fluid
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What are the chemical compounds, such as sodium and chloride, that are dissolved, absorbed, and distributed in body fluid and possess an electrical charge?
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Electrolytes
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Significant electrolyte imbalances can lead to dangerous physiologic problems and changes in fluid volumes. What is one possible problem and its solution?
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Dehydration - give IV fluids
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Movement of intravascular fluid to nonvascular fluid compartments where it becomes trapped and useless.
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Third-spacing
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What is another name for red blood cells
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erythrocytes
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What is another name for white blood cells
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leukocytes
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What is another name for platelets
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thrombocytes
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What has most of the plasma removed and are preferred for clients who need cellular replacement but don't need additional fluid
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packed cells
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What are the most common colliod solutions?
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Whole Blood and Packed Cells
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When does a serious transfusion reaction occur?
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usually 5 to 15 minutes of the infusion
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What is the process in which certain dissolved substances require the assistance of a carrier molecule to pass from one side of a semipermeable membrane to the other
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Facilitated diffusion
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What is the process of chemical distribution that requires an energy source, involves a substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Active transport
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In healthy adults, fluid intake generally averages approximately _____ mL per day, but it can range from _____ to _____ mL per day with a similar volume of fluid loss
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2,500 mL per day
1,800 to 3,000 mL per day |
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What are the fluid losses that are unnoticeable and unmeasurable called?
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insensible losses
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Where is the fluid that is called insensible losses lost?
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1) (skin) from the skin in areas other than where sweat glands are located
2) (lungs) from the vapor in exhaled air |
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What develops when excess fluid is distributed to the interstitial space
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Edema
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What is a fluid deficit in both extracellular and intracellular compartments
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dehydration
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Why are Intravenous (IV) fluids are solutions infused into a client's vein?
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• Maintain or restore fluid balance
• Maintain or replace electrolytes • Administer water-soluble vitamins • Provide a source of calories • Administer drugs • Replace blood and blood products. |
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What are the two types of IV solutions?
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crystalloid and colloid
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What solutions are made of water and other uniformly dissolved crystals such as salt and sugar
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Crystalloid
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What solutions are made of water and molecules of suspended substances such as blood cells and blood products
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Colloid
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An ______ solution contains the same concentration of dissolved substances normally found in plasma
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isotonic
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A ______ solution contains fewer dissolved substances than normally found in plasma. (i.e. swells the cells like a "O")
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hypotonic
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A ______ solution is more concentrated than body fluid and draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment. (i.e. shrivels the cells)
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hypertonic
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Why would you administer a IV with isotonic solution to a patient?
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add Fluid Volume
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Why would you administer a IV with hypotonic solution to a patient?
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to rehydrate clients with fluid deficits
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Why would you administer a IV with hypertonic solution to a patient?
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not used often except to reduce cerebral edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly
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Why would you administer Colloid Solutions?
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unexpected bleeding
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What should you remember about selecting a venipuncture site?
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Use veins on the nondominent site or look for a large vein, in a large-guage needle or catheter
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______ ____ have most of the plasma removed and are preferred for clients who need cellular replacement but do not need, or may be harmed by, the administration of additional fluid.
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Packed cells
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Shape: Disk-shaped cellular fragments that promote coagulation of blood
Purpose: Restores or improves the ability to control bleeding |
Platelets
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Shape: Types of white blood cells
Purpose: Improves the ability to overcome infection |
Granulocytes
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Shape: Serum minus blood cells
Purpose: Replaces clotting factors or increases intravascular fluid volume by increasing colloidal osmotic pressure |
Plasma
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Shape: Plasma protein
Purpose: Pulls third-spaced fluid by increasing colloidal osmotic pressure |
Albumin
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Shape: Mixture of clotting factors
Purpose: Treats blood clotting disorders such as hemophilia |
Cryoprecipitate
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What is the most important factor affecting gravity infusions?
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The height of the IV solution rather than the tubing
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In gravity infusions where to you place it to overcome the pressure within the client's vein?
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The solution must be elevated at least 18 to 24 inches (45 to 60 cm) above the site of the infusion
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How do you select a Venipuncture Site?
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Don't use veins: on nondominant side, on foot & leg or on side of previous breast or vascular surgery, or if inflamed or impaired •Choose: location unaffected by joint movement, large vein, proximal to current site or in opposite hand or arm, fairly straight • Avoid veins on the inner wrist
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What type blood is considered the universal donor because it lacks both A and B blood group markers on its cell membrane?
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type O blood
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What type blood is referred to as universal recipients because their red blood cells have proteins compatible with types A, B, and O?
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type AB blood
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Rh-positive persons may receive _______ or _______ blood because the latter does not contain the sensitizing protein.
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Rh-positive or Rh-negative
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Rh-negative persons, however, should never receive _______ blood.
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Rh-positive
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Blood is generally is infused through a _______ —preferably an _______
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16- to 20-gauge
18-gauge |
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What is the outermost layer of skin?
(contains dead skin cells that form a tough protein called keratin) |
epidermis layer
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What is the true skin layer of skin?
(contains most of the secretory glands) |
dermis layer
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What layer of the skin separates the skin from skeletal muscles?
(contains fat cells, blood vessels, nerves, and the roots of hair follicles and glands) |
subcutaneous layer
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What are the benefits of Bathing?
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• Eliminating body odor
• Reducing the potential for infection • Stimulating circulation • Providing a refreshed and relaxed feeling • Improving self-image |
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Where do you wash when you give a partial bath?
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the face, hands, axillae, and perineal area
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What are some contraindications of shaving?
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If patient is on Blood Thinners, thrombalytics, high aspirin dose, or have hemophilia or other blood diseases - use an electric razor only
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What is the chief component of most diets?
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Carbohydrates
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Name some unsaturated fats that come from plant sources
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corn, safflower, olives, peanuts, and soybeans
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Name some common hospital diets:
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Regular
Soft Mechanical Full liquid Clear liquid |
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What is in a Regular Hospital Diet?
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allows unrestricted food selections
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What is in a Soft Hospital Diet?
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contains foods soft in texture, readily digestible, few or no spices, fewer fruits and vegetables
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What is in a Mechanical Soft Hospital Diet?
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resembles a light diet but is used for clients with chewing difficulty, cooked fruits, vegetables, and ground meats
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What is in a Full Liquid Hospital Diet?
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contains fruit and vegetable juices, creamed soups, milk, ices, ice cream, gelatin, custards and cooked cereals
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What is in a Clear Liquid Hospital Diet?
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water, clear broth, clear fruit juice, plain gelatin, tea, coffee, and may or may not include carbonated beverages
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What is loss of stomach contents through the mouth?
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Vomiting
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What is the substance that is vomited?
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Emesis
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What is it when one brings the stomach contents to the throat and mouth without the effort of vomiting?
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Regurgitation
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Vomiting that occurs with great force
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Projectile vomiting
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What is in a Clear Liquid Hospital Diet?
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water, clear broth, clear fruit juice, plain gelatin, tea, coffee, and may or may not include carbonated beverages
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What is loss of stomach contents through the mouth?
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Vomiting
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What is the substance that is vomited?
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Emesis
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What is it when one brings the stomach contents to the throat and mouth without the effort of vomiting?
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Regurgitation
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Vomiting that occurs with great force
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Projectile vomiting
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When you feed a client with Dysphagia...
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You should have equipment for oral and pharyngeal suctioning at the bedside
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When you feed a client that is Visually Inpaired...
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Use the clock analogy and tell them what type of food your feeding them
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