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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the religious revolutino which split the church in western Europe and created several new churches called?
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the Reformation
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How many independent states did Germany include?
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365
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which building did Pope Leo X continue rebuilding?
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St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
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Which enthusiastic monk did Pope Leo X charge with rasing funds in northern Germany?
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Johann Tetzel
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What are the punishment from punishment for sin did Tetzel ask people to buy?
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indulgences
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Which person planned to be a lawyer and considered himself a terrible sinner?
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Martin Luther
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Where was Martin Luther born?
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Eisenleben in Saxony
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What did Luther cry out after almost being hit by lightning?
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"Help, dear Saint Anne, I will become a monk!"
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What did Luther's beliefs later become known as?
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Lutheranism
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What did Luther create to challenge Tetzel? Where did he post this?
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the 95 theses; on the church door at Wittenberg
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Which pope declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him?
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Pope Leo X
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Which special meeting of rulers of the empire did the Holy Emperor Charles V summon Luther to in order to put the excommunication into effect? Where was this meeting held?
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the Imperial Diet; Worms
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Who protected Luther after he was banished and considered an outlaw at the Diet of Worms?
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the Elector of Saxony, Fredrick the Wise
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What did Luther do while under the protection of Fredrick the Wise/
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translate the New Testament of the Bible into German from Hebrew and Greek
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What did the followers of Luther and all later reformers become called?
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Protestants
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Which church did Luther start?
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the Lutheran church
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What are the Lutheran clergy known as?
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ministers
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How many of the seven sacraments given to the priests of the Roman Catholic church did Luther allow his ministers? Which ones?
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two; baptism and communion
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Who sent armies against the Protestant princes in Germany?
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Charles V
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Which agreement reached a compromise between Charles V and the princes?
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the Peace of Augsburg
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What are the hundreds of new religious groups that did not form organized churches with clear-cut rules, authority, discipline, and membership called?
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sects
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Which sect believed that infants should not receive baptism because they don't understand the importance of the ceremony?
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the Anabaptists
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What title was given to Henry VIII for his good job defending the church against Luther's ideas?
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"Defender of the Faith
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What wife did Henry VIII want a divorce from, causing England's break with Rome? Why did he want a divorce?
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Catherine of Aragon; she didn't produce a male heir
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What was the name of the daughter that Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon had?
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Mary
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Who did Henry VIII fall in love with that caused him to want to leave Catherine of Aragon/
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Anne Boleyn
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Who was Catherine of Aragon's nephew?
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the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
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Which pope refused to except Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon?
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Pope clement VII
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Which church did Henry VIII create?
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the Church of England aka the Anglican church
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Which son did Henry VIII finally have as a heir?
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Edward VI
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Who was the vicar at the cathedral in Zurich who was greatly influenced by Erasmus and agreed with Luthern on almost everything?
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Huldrych Zwingli
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Which French Protestant carried on the work of the Reformation in Switzerland?
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John Calvin
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What did Calvin write that laid down exactly what the faithful ought to believe on every major question of religion?
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the Institutes of the Christian Religion
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What were Calvin's followers known as?
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Calvinists
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What was the belief introduced by Calvin that stated that God had decided, at the beginning of time, who would be saved and who would be damned called?
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predestination
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What were those who were predestined for salvation called?
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"the elect"
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Which city adopted Calvinism as their official religion?
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Geneva
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What is the term for a government ruled by a clergy claiming God's authority, such as the one in Geneva?
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a theocracy
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What were the Calvinists in France known as?
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Huguenots
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Which decree issued by King Henry IV gave the Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights?
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the Edict of Nantes
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Which form of Calvinism played a vital role in England and in the English colonies of north America?
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Puritanism
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What is the major reform effort by the Catholic Church called?
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the Counter-Reformation
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Which pope led the Counter-Reformation?
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Pope Paul III
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What did Pope Paul IV establish that forbade Catholics from reading certain books?
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The Index of Prohibited Books
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Which council abandoned the Index of Prohibited Books in 1966?
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the Second Vatican Council
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At which city did a council of church leaders meet to define official church doctrine? What was this council called?
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the Italian city of Trent; the Council of Trent
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What did the Council of Trent do in favor of the reformers?
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ban the sale of indulgences and tighten discipline for the clergy
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Which Spanish soldier who walked with a limp founded a new religious order? What was this new religious order called?
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Ignatius of Loyola; the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits
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Which book written by Loyola describes his visino that answered his quesion about salvation?
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Spiritual Exercises
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What were the Jesuits like?
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they had military discipline and were opposed to killing heretics
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If lightening struck a house, butter wouldn't form, a pitcher of milk spilled, or a woman couldn't have a baby, who was blamed?
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a demon
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Which people, other than priests, were depended on for comfort in times of trouble?
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so-called "wise" or "cunning" men or women
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What were wise people often called?
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"good witches"
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How long did the enormous outburst of witch hunting in Europe last?
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100 years
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What was the ceremony in which two young men marched along impersonating a wife who beats a husband or a husband with a young wife called?
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"rough music", "charivari", "abbeys of misrule"
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Which people often led the burning of people's homes in protest?
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the women
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What is the term for single printed sheets that were used to spread information?
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broadsides
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Which books were arranged like a calander and made predictions about the weather, prospects for growing crops, traditional superstitions, and advice about daily living? What modern books are these books the ancestors of?
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almanacs; The Farmer's Almanac
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What is the term for the measure of the quality of life of a people or country?
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the standard of living
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How many people lived in Europe after the tremendous population growth following the Black Death?
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78 million people
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What is the term for a rise in prices for goods?
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inflation
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What is the development in which people stopped believing in magic and started looking for explanatinos od day-to-day events called?
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the "disenchantment"
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What are the early scientists who used spells and magic formulas to try to change one substance into another- for example, lead into gold- called?
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alchemists
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What is the new way of pursuing knowledge that no longer relied on magic called? What does this word mean?
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science; knowledge
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What is the transformation in thinking from magic to science called?
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the Scientific Revolution
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What is the method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of the experiments called?
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the scientific method
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Which scientist introduced the theory that the earth was the center of the universe and that the other planets and the sun move around it/
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Ptolemy
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Which theory stated that everything revolved around the earth?
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the geocentric theory
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Which theory states that everything revolves around the sun?
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the heliocentric theory
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Which Polish scientist was conviced that the heliocentic theory best explained all the known facts of astronomy of his time?
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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In which book did Copernicus describe his conclusions on the heliocentric theory?
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On The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
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Which brilliant mathematician used mathematics to test the heliocentric theory of Copernicus?
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Johannes Kepler
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How many times did Kepler calculate his problem before he discovered the error?
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70
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What was the error in Kepler's original heliocentric proof?
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he stated that the orbits of other planets were perfect circles, although they really are ovals called ellipses
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What did Galileo supposed do before anyone else?
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use a telescope
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What discovery of Galileo helped disprove the geocentric theory?
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the discovery that the moons of Jupiter revolve around the planet, showing that not every heavenly body revolves around the earth
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In which book did Galileo publish his findings?
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the Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World
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Did Galileo agree to the order of the Inquisition for him to renounce his belief that the earth moves around the sun?
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yes
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What did Galileo supposedly say as he left the Inquisition?
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"Yes it does move."
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What other discovery in the subject of physics did Galileo make?
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the discovery that heavier objects and lighter objects fall at the same speed, considering there's no air resistance
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Which Flemish scientist studied anatomy and refused to accept the descriptions of human muscles and tissues written by Galen?
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Andreas Vesalius
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Which landmark work in the history of medicine did Vesalius publish?
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On the Fabric of the Human Body
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Which English physician described the circulation of the blood through veins and arteries, the working of the heart, and the functino of blood vessels?
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William Harvey
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What group did Galileo belong to?
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the Accademia dei Lincei
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To whom did King Charles II grant a charter to?
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the Royal Society in London
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What did Louis XIV establish?
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the French Academy of Sciences
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Which French philosopher and scientist decided to become a soldier to see the world around him?
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Rene Descartes
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Which book did Descartes write which argued that everything had to be proven?
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the Discourse on Method
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What was Descartes' first basic truth?
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"I think, therefore I am."
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Which English philosopher was Descartes' contemporary?
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Francis Bacon
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What did Bacon believe/
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That science would help humanity conquer nature and end all suffering
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Which French philosopher and scientist opposed Bacon's ideas because they ignored the power of faith and the need to rely on God?
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Blaise Pascal
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Which English mathematician and philosopher was considered the supreme example ofthe new reasoning and powers of science?
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Isaac Newton
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What book did Newton publish?
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Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
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What did Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy do?
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combine and relate the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
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What did the English poet Alexander Pope say to describe Newton's impact?
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"Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, 'Let Newton be,' and all was light."
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which German philosopher and mathematician worked with Newton to develop a branch of mathematics that studies continuously changing quantaties? What is this branch called?
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; calculus
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Which Dutch scientist used a microscope to discover bacteria?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Which English scientist was the first person to identify cells in living matter?
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Robert Hooke
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What did Hooke examine and find? What did he call what he found and why?
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cork, small rectangular rooms; cells, because they looked like the cells in which bees store honey
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Which English scientist is known as the founder of modern chemistry?
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Robert Boyle
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Which English chemist discovered the element later called oxygen?
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Joseph Priestley
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Which French scientist named oxygen and showed that fire was not an elemtn, but the result of the rapid combinatino of oxygen?
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Antoine Lavoisier
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What else did Lavoisier prove?
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that matter is indestructible
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What is Lavoisier's discovery known as?
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the law of conservation of matter
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What did many europeans speak of their changing times as?
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an "Age of Enlightenment"
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