Chapter 14 Psychology

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scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.

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Psychopathology

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a patter of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of daily life, or both.

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Psychological Disorder

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prolonged levels of unease or anxiety

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Distress

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Behavior interferes with well being of self or of others

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Maladaptive

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Behavior not comprehensible to others

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Irrational

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Behavior is erratic and inconsistent

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Unpredictable

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describes specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for psychological disorders

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

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This type of disorder is distinguished by irational, uncontrollable, maladaptive

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Anxiety disorders

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These are examples of what type of disorder?
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Panic Attacks
Phobias
PTSD
Obsessive/Compulsive (OCD)

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Anxiety Disorders

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More or less constant worry about many issues with no justification

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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Sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity

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Panic attacks

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Sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity

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Panic attacks

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Symptoms of this disorder include: pounding heart, rapid breathing, sweating, choking sensation

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Panic attack

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Symptoms of this disorder include: pounding heart, rapid breathing, sweating, choking sensation

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Panic attack

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person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks

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Panic Disorder

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person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks

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Panic Disorder

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Intense, irrational fear triggered by a specific object or situation

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Phobias

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fear of failing or being embarrassed in public

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Social phobias

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Intense, irrational fear triggered by a specific object or situation

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Phobias

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fear of failing or being embarrassed in public

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Social phobias

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Fear of experiencing a panic attack in a public place

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Agoraphobia

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phobia is a conditioed response to a traumatic event

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Classical Conditioning

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Avoiding situations that provoke phobia is rewarded

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Operant Conditioning

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people with phobias may model fearful reactions of others

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Observational Learning

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This disorder follows events that produce intense trauma or helplessness

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Core symptoms for this disorder include: frequent recollection of taumatic event, often intrusive and interfering with normal thoughts, avoidance of situations that trigger recall of event, increased physical arousal associated with stress

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Irrational, disturbing thoughts that intrude into consciousness

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Obsessions

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Repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessions

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Compulsions

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Major category of mental disorders in which significant and chronic disruption in mood is the predominant symptom, causing impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning

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Mood Disorders

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This category of disorders includes: major depression, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder

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Mood Disorders

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A mood disorder chacterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness

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Major Depression

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Chronic, low-grade depressed feelings that are not severe enough to be major depression

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Dysthymic Disorder

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Cyclic disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

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Bipolar Disorders

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symptoms include: little sleep and frenzied behaviors, Grandiose ideas and delusional beliefs, Attention distracted causing flight od ideas

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Manic Episode (at least one is needed to be labeled bipolar)

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Mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings

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Cyclothymic

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inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations, and deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture

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Personality Disorders

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- Pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others with no justifications
- distrustful even of close family and friends
- tend to blame others for their own shortcomings; angry outbursts, jealousy

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

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-Pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others
-Evidence often seen in childhood (conduct disorder)
-Manipulative, can be charming, can be cruel and destructive
-Seems to lack "conscience"

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Antisocial Personality Disorder "The Psychopath"

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-Chronic instability of emotions, self-image, relationships, and marked impulsivity
-Self-destructive behaviors
-Intense fear of abandonment and emptiness
-Possible history of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse

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Borderline Personal Disorder

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Disorder where person suddenly becomes unaware of some aspect of their identity or history, unable to recall exept under special circumstances

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Dissociative Disorder

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Memory loss is the only symptom
-Often selective loss surrounding traumatic events

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Dissociative Amnesia

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Global amnesia with identity replacementt
-leaves home
-develops a new identity
-apparently no recollection of former life

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Dissociative Fugue

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With this disorder there are two or more distinct pesonalities manifested by the same person at different times
-Rare and controversial disorder
-Examples include Sybil, Chris Sizemore

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

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-Ability to function is impaired by severly distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes
-Very serious and complex disorder
-Course of disorder is episodic/recurring

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Schizophrenia

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List some of the causes of Schizophrenia

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Heredity, Neurotransmitters, brain structure abnormalities, Family and cultural factors.

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Ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions and thought processes

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Schizophrenia

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Possitive symptoms (excess of function) include:
hallucinations
delusions

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Schizophrenia

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Negative symptoms (restriction of function) include:
absence of normal cognition or affect (e.g. flat affect, poverty of speech)

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Schizophrenia

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Type of schizophrenia that causes delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur.

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Paranoid

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type of schizophrenia that cause unresponsive to surroundings, puposeless movement, parrot like speech.

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Catatonic

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type of schizophrenia that causes delusions and hallucinations with little meaning and disorganized speech, behavior, and flat affect

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Disorganized

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What three factors can cause schizophrenia

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heredity
neurotransmitters
brain structure abnormalities

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This theory says that Schizophrenia is caused by excess dopamine.

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The Dopamine Theory