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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Id
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unconscious portion of personality
*2 instincts: -Eros: life. Promote positive, constructive behavior & reflect a source of energy known as libido -Thanatos: death instincts, which Freud saw as responsible for aggression & destructiveness *operates on the pleasure principle: seeking immediate satisfaction of both kinds of instincts, regardless of society's rules or the rights or feelings of others |
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Ego
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*Develops in the face of restrictions (parents, teachers, etc...)
*tries to find ways to get what a person wants in the real world, as opposed to teh fantasy world of the id *operating on the reality principle, the ego makes compromises between the id's unreasoning demands for immediate satisfaction & the practical limits imposed by the social world *Operates on the reality principle--makes compromises between the id's unreasoning demands for immediate satisfaction & the practical limits imposed by the social world *prevent the anxiety or guilt we would feel if we became aware of our socially unacceptable id impulses or if we thought about violating the superego's rules |
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Superego
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*as children learn about the rules & values of society, they tend to adopt them
*This process of internalizing parental & cultural values produces the 3rd component of personality: the superego *tells us what we should & should not do *Becomes our moral guide & it is just as relentless & unreasonable as the id in its demand to be obeyed |
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defense mechanisms
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unconscious tactics that protect against anxiety & guilt by either preventing threatening material from surfacing or disguising it when it does
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What is the order of Freud's psychosexual stages?
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Oral stage
Anal stage Phallic stage Latency period Genital stage |
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Describe the oral stage
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*ORAL STAGE: mouth is the center of pleasure
-Fixation can stem from weaning that is too early/late & may result in adult characteristics ranging from overeating or childlike dependence (late weaning) to the use of "biting" sarcasm (early weaning) |
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Describe the anal stage
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*ANAL STAGE: occurs during the 2nd year, when the child's ego develops to cope w/ parental demands for socially appropriate behavior
-Ex. toilet training: too harsh/too early--it can produce anal fixation that leads, in adulthood, to stinginess or excessive neatness (symbolically withholding feces) *Too late/lax: result could be an anal fixation that is reflected in adults who are disorganized or impulsive (symbolically expelling feces) |
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Describe the phallic stage
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Between the ages of 3 & 5: child's focus of pleasure shifts to the genital area
*Oedipus complex: boys identify w/ father, superego begins to develop *Electra complex: girl identifies w/ mother to avoid her disapproval *Unresolved conflicts>>difficulties in dealing w/ authority figures & an inability to maintain a stable love relationship |
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Latency period
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lasts through childhood, sexual impulses stay in the background as the youngster focuses on education, same-sex peer play, & the development of social skills
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Genital stage
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Genitals again become the focus of pleasure
*lasts for the rest of the person's life |
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Describe Jung's theories
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*Libido as more of a general life force that includes an innate drive for creativity, for growth-oriented resolutions of conflicts, & for the productive blending of basic impulses w/ real-world demands
*People gradually develop different degrees of introversion (reflection on one's own experiences) or extraversion (Focus on the social world) along w/ differing tendencies to rely on specific psychological functions, such as thinking versus feeling *Collective unconscious: contains the memories we have inherited from our human & nonhuman ancestors *responsible for our innate tendencies to react in particular ways to certain things |
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What are the ego's defense mechanisms?
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Repression
Rationalization Projection Reaction formation Sublimation Displacement Denial Compensation |
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3 basic assumptions of the trait approach to personality
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1>> P traits are relatively stable & therefore predictable over time
2>>P traits are relatively stable across situations & can explain why people act in predictable ways in many different situations 3>>People differ in how much of a particular personality trait they possess; no 2 people are exactly alike on all traits--the result is an endless variety of unique human personalities |
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Describe Allport's trait theory
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7 different trait categories = central traits
*Always hold true & are apparent to others *Secondary traits: specific to some situations but not to others *First one to try to distill down traits to a minimum # |
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Describe the Big-Five Model of Personality
Who, what |
*Cattell started it, used factor analysis to study which traits people identified were related to one another
*Then Costa & McCrae developed the 5 dimensions of personality & the NEO-PI to test them *OCEAN Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism *these traits seem to exist across every culture |
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Eysenck's Biological Trait theory
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*Can traits be traced back to specific aspects in neural activity?
*A person's personality can be determined along those lines *People's traits could be described using 2 main dimensions: 1. Introversion-extraversion (baseline arousal) -depends on the amount of baseline arousal you have in your brain -Reticular formation -People who have a lot of baseline arousal are more introverted 2. Emotional-stability: at one extreme of the emotional-stability dimension are people who display such characteristics as moodiness, restlessness, worry, anxiety, & other negative emotions *Those at the opposite extreme are calm, even-tempered, relaxed, & emotionally stable *linked to the limbic system, including the amygdala & the hippocampus *If your limbic system is overactive, then you're going to be more emotional & unstable |
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Describe the social-cognitive approach to personality
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*Personality = conscious thoughts & feelings, learned through experience, that result in unique behavioral characteristics
*Middle road between trait & humanists *most of our personality is due to our interactions w/ our environment *an approach in which personality is seen as the patterns of thinking & behavior that a person learns |
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Rotter's expectancy theory
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*Locus of control
*internal locus: events are due to personal factors *external: events are controlled by external forces -People who believe in luck & fate -You believe that things that happen to your are out of your control *Develop this w/ reward & punishment *Learning creates cognitions, known as expectancies, that guide behavior -A person's decision to engage in behavior is determined by (1) what the person expects to happen following the behavior and (2) the value the person places on the outcome |
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Describe Bandura's idea of reciprocal determinism
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*behavioral learning, observational learning, & personal factors interact to shape personality
*Bobo doll *Social psychologist *3 factors that determine personality: they all go back & forth: 1) Internal personal/cognitive factors--liking high-risk activities 2) Environmental factors (bungee jumping friends) - people we hang out with, things that happen to use in the EV 3) Behavior--what we do (learning to bungee jump) *self-efficacy: learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations |
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Self-efficacy
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according to Bandura, learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations
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Describe the humanistic approach to personality
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*Personality = innate drive toward growth & Fulfillment of our true potential
*focuses on mental capabilities that set humans apart: self-awareness, creativity, planning, decision making, & responsibility *People are seen as naturally inclined toward goodness, creativity, love, & joy *Believe that to explain people's actions in any particular situation, it is more important to understand their view of the world than their instincts, or traits, or learning experiences *Unique phenomenology shapes personality & guides behavior *No one can understand another person w/o somehow perceiving the world through that person's eyes *ALl behavior is perceived to be meaningful to the person displaying it |
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Describe Roger's Self Theory
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*Emphasized actualizing tendency: our innate inclination toward growth & fulfillment that motivates all human behavior & is expressed in a unique way by each individual
*Saw personality as an expression of that actualizing tendency as it unfolds in each individual's uniquely perceived reality *Personality begins to develop in childhood as a result of how much positive regard (approval) we get *Unconditioned approval is important (love no matter what vs. love you if you do this) *We take that approval we get & compare it w/ our own idea of who we are, & hopefully those two things match *Healthy personality results from congruence between self-evaluations & evaluations from others *Conditions of worth |
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Actualizing tendency
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our innate inclination toward growth
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self concept
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the way one thinks of oneself
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Objective personality tests
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>>Questions are direct, answers can be quantified
ex. OCEAN test: NEO-PI-R: assess the Big-five personality traits |
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Minnesota Muliphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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geared toward diagnosing psychological disorders/psychopathology
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projective personality tests:
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unstructured, free response
*Designed to tap into unconscious impulses *Not as reliable or valid as objective tests *Preferred by psychodynamic & humanist folks *Believed these tests will help bring out unconscious needs, conflicts, motivations *Whereas on other tests people try to answer to make themselves look good *These people don't know what is being tested so they are more likely to let something slip |
