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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Periosteum
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Outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
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Compact bone
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Dense, hard layers of the bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
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Cancellous (spongy) bone
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Contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in layers of compact bone
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Endosteum
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Membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
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Diaphysis
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Shaft of the long bones
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Epiphysis
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Each end of a long bone
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Bone marrow
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Material found in the cavities of bones
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Red marrow
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Thick, blood like material found in flat bones and at the end of long bones; location of blood cell formation
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Yellow marrow
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Soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
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maxilla
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Upper jawbone
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Mandible
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Lower jawbone
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vertebral column
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Made up of bones called vertebrae or vertebra through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for the ribs and muscles.
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Cervical vertebrae (C1o C7)
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First set of seven bones, forming the neck
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Thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)
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Second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs and form the outward curve the spine
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Lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)
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Third set of five larger vertebrae, which form the inward curve of the spine
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Sacrum
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Five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone position between the two hip bones
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coccyx
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four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
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Lamina
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Part of the vertebral arch
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Clavicle
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Collarbone
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Scapula
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Shoulder blade
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Acromion process
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Extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder
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Sternum
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Breastbone
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xiphoid process
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Lower portion of the sternum
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Humerus
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Upper arm bone
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ulna and radius
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Lower arm bones
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Olecranon process
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Projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow
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Carpal bones
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Wrist bones
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Metacarpal bones
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hand bones
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Phalanges
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Finger and toe bones
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Pelvic bone, hip bone
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Made up of three bones fused together
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ischium
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Lower, rear portion on which one sits
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ilium
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Upper, we wing shaped part on each side
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Pubis
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Anterior portion of the pelvic bone
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Acetabulum
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Large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur
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Femur
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Upper leg bone
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Tibia and fibula
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Lower leg bones
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Patella
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Kneecap
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Tarsal bones
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Ankle bones
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Calcaneus
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Heel bone
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Metatarsal bones
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Foot bones
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Articular cartilage
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Smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints
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Meniscus
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Crescent shaped cartilage found in the knee
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Intravertebral disk
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Cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
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Pubic symphysis
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Cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together
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Synovia
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Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities
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bursa
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Fluid filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of the joint over another
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Ligament
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Flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
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Tendon
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Band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Aponeurosis
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Strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
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Skeletal muscles (also known as striated muscles)
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Attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles.
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Smooth muscles (also known as on striated muscles)
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Located in the internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily.
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Cardiac muscle (known as myocardium)
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Forms most of the wall of the heart. It's involuntary contraction produces.
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Abduction
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Moving away from the midline
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Adduction
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Moving toward the midline
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Inversion
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Turning inward
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Eversion
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Turning outward
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Extension
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Movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position
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Flexion
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Movement in which a limb is bent
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Pronation
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Movement that turns the palm down
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Supination
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Movement that turns the palm up
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Rotation
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Turning around its own axis
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carp/o
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Carpels (wrist bones)
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clavic/o, clavicul/o
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Clavicle (collarbone)
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cost/o
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Rib
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crani/o
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Cranium (skull)
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femor/o
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Femur (upper leg bone) ** note change of "u" to "o" in combining form
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Fibul/o
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Fibula (lower leg bone) (perone/o is also a root word for fibula)
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humer/o
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humerus (upper arm bone)
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ili/o
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ilium
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ischi/o
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ischium
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lumb/o
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loin, lumbar region of the spine
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mandibul/o
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Mandible (lower jawbone)
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maxill/o
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Maxilla (upper jawbone)
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patell/o
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patella (kneecap)
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pelv/i, pelv/o
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pelvis, pelvic bone
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phalang/o
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phalanges (finger or toe bones)
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pub/o
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pubis
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rachi/o
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spine, vertebral column
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radi/o
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radius (lower arm bone)
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sacr/o
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sacrum
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scapul/o
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scapula (shoulder blade)
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spondyl/o, vertebr/o
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vertebra
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stern/o
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sternum (breastbone)
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tars/o
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tarsals (ankle bones)
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tibi/o
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tibia (lower leg bone)
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uln/o
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ulna (lower arm bone)
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aponeur/o
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Aponeurosis
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arthr/o
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Joint
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burs/o
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Bursa (cavity)
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chondr/o
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Cartilage
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disk/o
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Intravertebral disk
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menisc/o
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meniscus (crescent)
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synovi/o
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synovia, synovial membrane
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ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
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tendon
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ankyl/o
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crooked, stiff, bent
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kinesi/o
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movement, motion
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kyph/o
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hump (increased convexity of the spine)
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lamin/o
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lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)
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lord/o
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bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)
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myel/o
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bone marrow
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my/o, myos/o
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muscle
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oste/o
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bone
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petr/o
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stone
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scoli/o
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crooked, curved
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inter-
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between
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supra-
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above
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sym-, syn-
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together, joined
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-asthenia
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weakness
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-clasia, -clasis, -clast
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break
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-densis
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surgical fixation, fusion
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-physis
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growth
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-schisis
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split, fissure
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-ectomy
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surgical excision or removal
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-tomy
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surgical incision or cut into
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Ankylosis
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Abnormal can addition of stiffness (often referring to the fixation of a joint, such as the result of chronic rheumatoid arthritis)
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Arthritis
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Inflammation of a joint. (The most common forms of arthritis osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.)
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Bursitis
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Inflammation of a bursa
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Chondromalacia
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Softening of cartilage
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cranioschisis
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Fissure of the skull (congenital)
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diskitis
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Inflammation of an intravertebral disk (also spelled discitis)
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Fibromyalgia
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Pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of the muscles, fatigue, and disturb sleep)
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Kyphosis
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Abnormal condition of a hump (increased conductivity of the thoracic spine has viewed from the side) (also called hunchback or humpback)
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Lordosis
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Abnormal condition of bending forward (increased concavity of the lumbar spine as viewed from the side) (also called swayback)
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maxilitis
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Inflammation of the maxilla
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Meniscitis
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Inflammation of a meniscus
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Myasthenia
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Muscle weakness
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Myeloma
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Tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)
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Osteitis
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Inflammation of the bone
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Osteoarthritis
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Inflammation of the bone and joint
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Osteochondritis
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Inflammation of the bone and cartilage
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Osteofibroma
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Tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign)
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Osteomalacia
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Softening of the bones
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Osteomyelitis
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Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)
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Osteopenia
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Abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused by an inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)
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Osteopetrosis
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Abnormal condition of stone like bones (marble like bones caused by increased formation of bone)
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Osteosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of the bone
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Polymyositis
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Inflammation of many muscles
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Rachischisis
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fissure of the vertebral column (congenital) (also called spina bifida)
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Rhabdomyolysis
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Dissolution of striated muscle (the severity of the condition in the degrees of weakness and pain vary. Some causes of the illness or trauma, extreme exertion, and drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result)
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Sarcopenia
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Abnormal reduction of connective tissue (such as loss of skeletal muscle mass in the elderly)
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Scoliosis
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Abnormal condition of (lateral) a curved (spine)
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Spondylarthritis
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Inflammation of the vertebral joints
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Spondylosis
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Abnormal condition of the vertebra (a general term used to describe changes to the spine from osteoarthritis or ankylosis)
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Synoviosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of the synovial membrane
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Tendinitis
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Inflammation of the tendon (also spelled tendonitis)
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Tenosynovitis
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Inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane
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Ankylosing spondylitis
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Form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (also called Strumpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid spondylitis)
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Bunion
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Abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (also called hallux valgus)
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
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A common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand and fingers
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Colles' fracture
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A type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backwards.
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Exostosis
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Abnormal benign growth on the surface of the bone (also called spur)
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Fracture (fx)
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Broken bone
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gout
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Disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, especially that of the great toe, producing arthritis
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Herniated disk
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Rupture of the intravertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disc, ruptured disc, herniated intravertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])
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Lyme disease
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Infection caused by a bacteria (borrelia burgdorferi) carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. Symptoms, caused by the body's immune response to the bacteria, vary and may include a rash of the site of the tick bite and flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue. Lyme disease was first reported in Lyme, Connecticut, in 1975. The primary treatment is antibiotics. Left untreated, Lyme disease can mimic several musculoskeletal diseases mentioned in this chapter
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Muscular dystrophy (MD)
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Group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness
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Myasthenia gravis (MG)
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Chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.
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Osteoporosis
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Abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrist after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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A chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
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Spinal stenosis
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Narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of the nerve roots. The condition is either congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thighs or lower legs and numbness or tingling of the lower extremities
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Spondylolisthesis
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Forward slipping of one of the vertebra over another
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Aponeurorrhaphy
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Suture of an aponeurosis
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Arthrocentesis
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Surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid
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Arthroclasia
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(Surgical) breaking of a (stiff) joint
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Arthrodesis
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Surgical fixation of a joint (also called joint fusion)
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Arthroplasty
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Surgical repair of a joint
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Bursectomy
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Excision of a versa
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Carpectomy
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Excision of a carpal bone
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Chondrectomy
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Excision of cartilage
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Chondroplasty
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Surgical repair of cartilage
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Costectomy
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Excision of a rib
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Cranioplasty
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Surgical repair of the skull
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Craniotomy
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Incision of the skull (as for surgery of the brain)
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Diskectomy
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Excision of an intravertebral disk (a portion of the disc is removed to relieve pressure on the nerve roots) also spelled discectomy)
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Laminectomy
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Excision of the lamina (often performed to relieve pressure on nerve roots in the lower spine caused by herniated disc or other conditions)
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Maxillectomy
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Excision of the maxilla
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Meniscectomy
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Excision of the meniscus (performed for a torn cartilage)
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Myorrhaphy
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Suture of the muscle
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Ostectomy
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Excision of a bone
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Osteoclasis
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(Surgical) breaking of a bone (to corrected deformity)
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patellectomy
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Excision of the patella
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Phalangectomy
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Excision of a finger or toe bone
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rachiotomy
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Incision into the vertebral column
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Spondylosyndesis
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Using together a vertebrae (also called spinal fusion)
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Synovectomy
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Excision of the synovial membrane (of a joint)
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Tarsectomy
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Excision of (one or more) tarsal bones
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tenomyoplasty
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Surgical repair of the tendon and muscle
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tenorrhaphy
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Suture of A tendon
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Vertebroplasty
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Surgical repair of the vertebra
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Arthrography
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Radiographic imaging of the joint (with contrast media) (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] has mostly replaced arthrography as the imaging technique for diarthrodial [movable] joint such as the knee, wrist, it, and shoulder. Arthrography is still used for specialized functions such as when metal is present in the body)
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Arthroscopy
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Visual examination of a joint (used for diarthrodial [movable] joint)
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Electromyogram (EMG)
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Record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle
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Arthralgia
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Pain in the joint
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Atrophy
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Without development (wasting)
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Bradykinesia
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Slow movement
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Carpal
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Pertaining to the wrist
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Clavicular
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Pertaining to the clavicle
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Cranial
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Pertaining to the cranium
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Dyskinesia
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Difficult movement
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Dystrophy
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Abnormal development
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Femoral
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Pertaining to the femur
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Humeral
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Pertaining to the humerous
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Hyperkinesia
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Excessive movement (overreactive)
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Hypertrophy
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Excessive development
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Iliofemoral
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Pertaining to the ileum and femur
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Intercostal
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Pertaining to between the ribs
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Intervertebral
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Pertaining to between the vertebrae
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Intracranial
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Pertaining to within the cranium
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ischiofibular
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Pertaining to the ischium and fibula
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ischiopubic
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Pertaining to the ischium and pubis
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Lumbar
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Pertaining to the loins (the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis)
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Lumbocostal
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Pertaining to the loins and the ribs
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Lumbosacral
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Pertaining to the lumbar regions (loin) and the sacrum
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Osteoblast
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Developing bone cell
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Osteocyte
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bone cell
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Osteonecrosis
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Abnormal death of bone (tissues)
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Pelvic
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Pertaining to the pelvis
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Pelvisacral
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Pertaining to the pelvis and sacrum
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Pubic
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Pertaining to the pubis
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Pubofemoral
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Pertaining to the pubis and femur
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Radial
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Pertaining to the radius
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Sacral
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Pertaining to the sacrum
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Sternoclavicular
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Pertaining to the sternum and clavicle
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Sterniod
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Resembling the sternum
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Subcostal
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Pertaining to below the rib
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Submandibular
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Pertaining to below the mandible
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Submaxillary
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Pertaining to below the maxilla
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Subscapular
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Pertaining to below the scapula
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Substernal
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Pertaining to below the sternum
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Suprapatellar
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Pertaining to above of the patella
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Suprascapular
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Pertaining to above the scapula
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Symphysis
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Growing together (as in symphysis pubis)
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Tibial
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Pertaining to the tibia
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Ulnoradial
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Pertaining to the ulna and the radius
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Vertebrocostal
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Pertaining to the vertebrae and ribs
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Chiropodist, podiatrist
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Specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment
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Chiropractic
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System of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column
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Chiropractor
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Specialist in chiropractic
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Crepitus
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The crackling sound heard when two bones rub against each other or greeting caused by rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint. (Crepitus is also used to describe the crackling sound heard with pneumonia or the sound heard from the discharge of gas from the bowel.) (Also called crepitation)
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Orthopedics (ortho)
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Branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system
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Orthopedist
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Physician who specializes in orthopedics
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Orthotics
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Making and fitting of orthopedic appliances such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities
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Orthotist
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A person who specializes in orthotics
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Osteoclast
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Type of bone involved in absorption and removal of bone minerals. It works in balance with osteoblasts to maintain a healthy bone tissue.
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Osteopath
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Physician who studies and osteopathy
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Osteopathy
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System of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the role of the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation maybe used in addition to other treatments
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Prosthesis (pl. Prostheses)
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An artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or total hip replacement
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C1 through C7
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Cervical vertebrae
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CTS
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Carpal tunnel syndrome
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EMG
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Electromyogram
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fx
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Fracture
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HNP
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Herniated nucleus pulposus
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L1 through L5
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Lumbar vertebrae
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MD
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Muscular dystrophy
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MG
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Myasthenia gravis
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OA
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Osteoarthritis
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Ortho
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Orthopedics
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RA
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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T1 through T12
|
Thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
THA
|
Total hip arthroplasty
|
