Chapter 14: Ecology (Last Unit!)

Front 1

All the living things in an environment.

Back 1

biotic

Front 2

A group of organisms similar enough at the genetic level to mate and produce viable offspring.

Back 2

species

Front 3

A community of populations and the abiotic factors in their environment.

Back 3

ecosystem

Front 4

All the nonliving things in an environment.

Back 4

abiotic

Front 5

A struggle between organisms for the same limited resource.

Back 5

competition

Front 6

A group of many different populations that live in the same area.

Back 6

community

Front 7

An area characterized by the same types of ecosystems.

Back 7

biome

Front 8

A group within a species that shares the same habitat at the same time.

Back 8

population

Front 9

The study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

Back 9

ecology

Front 10

An organisms' lifestyle, taking into account aspects such as habit, nutrition, foraging, and territory.

Back 10

niche

Front 11

What factor has to be in common in a group of ecosystems to deem it a biome?

Back 11

climate

Front 12

An organism that consumes other organisms for nutrition is known as a ___________ or a ______________.

Back 12

consumer; heterotrophs

Front 13

The __________ _________ of an animal is determined by where the animal obtains its nutrition from.

Back 13

tropic level

Front 14

The set of all the biomes on Earth.

Back 14

biosphere

Front 15

This trophic level consumes only producers.

Back 15

primary consumer

Front 16

This trophic level of organisms makes their own food for nutrition.

Back 16

producers

Front 17

Organisms that consume primary consumers.

Back 17

secondary consumers

Front 18

Consumers that decompose organisms.

Back 18

decomposers

Front 19

Another name for producers is ______________.

Back 19

autotrophs

Front 20

Organisms that consume secondary consumers.

Back 20

tertiary consumers

Front 21

What are two adaptations of herbivores to eat and digest vegetable material?

Back 21

1 - Flattened teeth (good for chewing)
2 - Long intestines (helps digest cellulose)

Front 22

What percent of energy is passed up from one trophic level to the next?

Back 22

10%

Front 23

What are the three types of ecological pyramids?

Back 23

1 - Energy
2 - Biomass
3 - Population Size

Front 24

Give 4 explanations for where the 90% energy that is not passed up the trophic levels goes.

Back 24

1 - Not all parts of an organism is available as energy. (ex. bones, cellulose)
2 - It takes energy to get energy.
3 - You cannot get previously used energy, only the energy stored in the organism at that time.
4 - Something must survive to reproduce.

Front 25

What are two adaptations of carnivores to eat and digest animal flesh?

Back 25

1 - Sharp teeth
2 - A keen sense of sight and/or smell.

Front 26

What animal can digest bones?

Back 26

hyenas

Front 27

What are saprophytes?

Back 27

decomposers

Front 28

Organisms that consume both plants and animals are known as ________________.

Back 28

omnivores

Front 29

When organisms of two different species live together in some way, it is known as ____________.

Back 29

symbiosis

Front 30

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor hurt.

Back 30

commensalism

Front 31

What type of teeth do omnivores have?

Back 31

Both sharp, canine teeth and flat teeth.

Front 32

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits and the other is hurt.

Back 32

parasitism

Front 33

Symbiosis shows _______________ in action!

Back 33

coevolution

Front 34

The first species to inhabit an area after a disturbance is known as the ____________ _______________.

Back 34

pioneer species

Front 35

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms where both organisms benefit.

Back 35

mutualism

Front 36

What percent of the Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen?

Back 36

78%

Front 37

A home in the roots of certain plants for nitrogen-fixing bacteria is known as a ___________.

Back 37

nodule

Front 38

What is nitrogen used to make that makes nitrogen so important to the survival of all organisms?

Back 38

proteins/amino acids

Front 39

The concept of changing atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates in soil is known as ______________ ________________.

Back 39

nitrogen fixation

Front 40

What type of plants have root nodules? Give one example.

Back 40

legumes; beans, peas, peanuts, clovers

Front 41

What is the chemical notation for atmospheric nitrogen/nitrogen gas?

Back 41

N(sub 2)

Front 42

__________ in the soil are absorbed by plants to make proteins.

Back 42

nitrates

Front 43

What is the chemical formula for nitrates?

Back 43

NO(sub 3)

Front 44

What is so special about bacteria living in root nodules?

Back 44

They can facilitate the process of nitrogen fixation.

Front 45

What is another, practical name for nitrates?

Back 45

fertilizer

Front 46

Why is atmospheric nitrogen unusable to most organisms?

Back 46

N(sub 2) means that there is a triple bond between two nitrogen particles, and it takes a lot of ATP to break a triple bond.

Front 47

Other than nitrogen-fixing bacteria, what is another way atmospheric nitrogen can be changed into nitrates?

Back 47

lightning

Front 48

Plants absorb __________ and ____________.

Back 48

nitrates and ammonia

(NO(sub 3) and NH(sub 4)+

Front 49

All the types of nitrogen involved in the nitrogen cycle are ______, ______, ______, and _______ (the most important one).

Back 49

N(sub 2); NO(sub 3); NH(sub 4)+; AA (amino acids)

Front 50

After plants convert the NO(sub 3) to proteins/amino acids, what happens to the proteins?

Back 50

They move up the food chain.

Front 51

What two things do decomposers release?

Back 51

NO(sub 3) and NH(sub 4)+

A.K.A. - Nitrates and ammonia

Front 52

What do denitrifying bacteria create?

Back 52

nitrogen gas

Front 53

The sequential replacement of populations in an ecosystem is known as _________________.

Back 53

succession

Front 54

Why do animals excrete nitrogenous wastes?

Back 54

If there was too much nitrogenous wastes in an animal, it would poison the blood.

Front 55

The colonization of "new" areas created by the actions of volcanoes is known as ___________ ___________.

Back 55

primary succession

Front 56

The stable, unchanging community that marks the end of succession is known as the _________ _______________.

Back 56

climax community

Front 57

__________ ____________ is the changes that happen in communities after the ecosystem has been disrupted by natural disasters or human actions.

Back 57

secondary succession

Front 58

What two main limiting factors determine an areas biome?

Back 58

precipitation and temperature

Front 59

Another name for the climax community of an area is the ___________.

Back 59

biome

Front 60

Permanently frozen subsoil, ranging from a few meters to 1500 meters deep.

Back 60

permafrost

Front 61

What are some possible causes of secondary succession?

Back 61

1 - A big fire
2 - Bulldozing on the area
3 - Farmers abandoning their fields
4 - Any type of natural disaster (hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.)

Front 62

This biome is located in the north. It's average temperature is -26 degrees Celsius to 4 degrees Celsius. There is an annual precipitation of 0 cm to 30 cm.

Back 62

tundra

Front 63

This biome has an average temperature of 25 degrees Celsius to 27 degrees Celsius. Its annual precipitation ranges anywhere from 200 cm to 400 cm.

Back 63

tropical rain forest

Front 64

Any tree that looses its leaves at the end of the growing season is known as a _______________ tree.

Back 64

deciduous

Front 65

The dominant vegetation in this biome is lichen, mosses, and short grasses. Also, permafrost is found in this biome.

Back 65

tundra

Front 66

This biome has the highest humidity and has plants such as shrubs and cacti.

Back 66

desert

Front 67

What substance can hold heat very well?

Back 67

water

Front 68

Some common animals in this biome are deer, wolves, bear, small mammals, and birds.

Back 68

temperate deciduous forest

Front 69

The biggest biome in the world is the _______________ biome.

Back 69

grassland

Front 70

Another name for the Taiga biome is the _________ _______________ ___________.

Back 70

Northern Coniferous Forest.

Front 71

Which biome has the highest biodiversity?

Back 71

tropical rain forst

Front 72

The common animals in this biome include lemmings, Arctic foxes, Arctic hares, snowy owls, and reindeer.

Back 72

tundra

Front 73

This biome has an average temperature of 0 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees Celsius. The annual precipitation is 25 cm to 75 cm.

Back 73

grassland

Front 74

The form of carbon in the atmosphere is known as ___________.

Back 74

carbon dioxide (CO(sub 2))

Front 75

Although not many animals are found in this biome, some common ones are mountain lions, foxes, reptiles, and other animals well adapted to heat and water loss.

Back 75

desert

Front 76

Algae take in what kind of carbon dioxide?

Back 76

dissolved carbon dioxide

Front 77

Plants take carbon dioxide and turn it into _________________.

Back 77

glucose (C(sub 6)H(sub 12)O(sub 6))

Front 78

This biome is characterized by tall, broad leaved trees, vines, and vegetation that occurs in layers.

Back 78

tropical rain forest

Front 79

Both seashells and eggshells are made up of this form of carbon.

Back 79

Calcium carbonate (CaCO(sub 3))

Front 80

How is glucose turned back into carbon dioxide in the carbon cycle?

Back 80

The respiration of all organisms turns glucose back into carbon dioxide.

Front 81

The average temperature for this biome is 6 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius. The annal precipitation ranges from 75 cm to 125 cm.

Back 81

temperate deciduous forest

Front 82

Some common insects and animals in this biome include sloths, monkeys, butterflies, parrots, snakes, and jaguars.

Back 82

tropical rain forest