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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is lateralization?
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The specialization of labor between the two hemispheres.
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What does the left hemisphere specialize in ?
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Language
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What does the right hemisphere specialize in?
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complex visual-spatial tasks and emotional recognition.
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How is communication exchanged between the hemispheres?
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commissures
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What is the primary information highway between the hemispheres?
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The corpus callosum
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What are the major commissures for Hemispheric Communication?
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Corpus callosum fornix, anterior cmmissure, hippocampal commisure
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What is split brain behavior?
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Cutting the corpus callosum prevents exchange of information between two hemispheres.
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Why would they cut the corpus callosum?
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Severe epilepsy
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What are some of the of the issues related to split brain?
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if animals sees something in the left field, they can only respond with left paw.
Person has difficulty learning any new task that requires both hands but can use hands independently easier than intact people. |
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What sort of scientist was BF skinner?
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Behaviorist
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What did Skinner think about language acquisition?
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Language is learned through conditioning. Shaping, imitation, reinforcement, etc.
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What sort of scientist is Noam Chomsky?
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Nativist
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What is Chomsky's beliefs on Language Acquisition?
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Language acquisition device and Universal Grammar. We readily learn the rules of language.
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Who is right Chomsky or Skinner?
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Both...Natist; grammar overregularizations, fast-mapping.
Behaviorist: exposure, learning Critical periods. |
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What is a Sensitive Period?
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A period in development when an event has a long-lasting impact. Genie the wild child is an example.
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What is Aphasia?
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Disturbance in language production and comprehension
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What causes Aphasia?
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Damage to the left hemisphere.
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What is Aphasia not the result of?
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Lack of motivation or sensory/motor deficit (eg. paralysis)
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What is Broca's Aphasia?
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Damage to the inferior left frontal lobe.
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What are characteristics of Broca's aphasia?
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slow laborious speech and telegraphic speech
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What are some of the features of slow speech in Broca's aphasia?
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Spoken words have meaning (are intelligible) and person can comprehend the speech of others.
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What are some of the features of telegraphic speech in Broca's?
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Deletion of functional terms.
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What 3 major speech difficulties are evident in Broca's aphasia?
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Agrammatism, Anomia, and articulation
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What is agrammatism?
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Difficulty in using grammar rules
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What is Anomia?
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Difficulty in finding appropriate words
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What is articulation?
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Difficulty with words
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What brain region is involved with speech production?
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Broca's area inferior left frontal lobe
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What part of the brain is used for speech comprehension?
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Wernicke's area in superior left temporal gyrus
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Speech comprehension involves what?
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The audiotry system as well as neural circuits in the superior left temporal gyrus. (wernicke's area)
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Recognition is not the same thing as...?
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comprehension
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What are the primary symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia?
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poor speech comprehension
fluent but meaningless speech patients are unaware of comprehension deficit |
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What are the features of poor speech comprehension in Wernicke's?
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word recognition
evident in non-verbal tasks (point to object) Cannot repeats statements made by others |
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What are the features of fluency in Wernicke's?
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Patients can use content words, appropriate grammar
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What are patients unaware of in Wernicke's aphasia?
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comprehension deficit
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In comprehension what is pure word deafness?
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Cannot recognize spoken language (words)
Can speak fluently, read, write, read lips, and infer intonation. |
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In pure word deafness what about vowels?
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good recognition of vowels but not consonants especially stop consonants like t k or p.
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What is sub-vocal articulation?
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Mirro neurons and inferior parietal lobe
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What part of the the brain is related to handedness?
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The Plamun Temporale
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What is unique about non human apes like chimps, gorillas and orangs?
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They have larger plamun temporale or posterior language area.
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What is another name for plamun temporale?
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posterior language area.
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What is the direct connection between Wernicke's are and Brocas area?
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Enables patients with transcortical sensory aphasia to repeat words that they cannot understand.
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Wernickies apasia is caused by what?
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damage to both the primary auditory cortex and the posterior language area. Patients can neither understand the meanings of words or repeat them.
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What is transcortical sensory aphasia caused by?
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Damage to the posterior language area; patient cannot understand the meanings of words but can repeat them.
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What is prosody in lateralization of language?
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refers to variations in rhythm, pitch and cadence that communicate information.
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What is prosody used for?
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To distinguish questions from statements and can communicate cues as to our emotional states.
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Prosody is severely disrupted by damage to what?
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the right hemisphere (musical aspect of prosody).
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Prosody is not disrupted by what aphasia?
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Wernicke's
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What are the properties of language?
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symbolic
semantic generative structured |
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What animal has had the most language studies done?
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Chimpanzee our closest kin
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What are some problems with animals acquiring language?
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not physiologically built for speech
voluntary vocalization |
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What are the tools contemporary studies use in language acquisition and animals?
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ASL, Symbolic chips and computers
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What are the potential problems with animal language acquisition?
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spontaneous generation
novel combinations just operant conditioning? |
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What is an example of a novel combination used by washoe?
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She created the word rock berry to because she did not have the word for nut.
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Give an example of spontaneous generation in animal language acquisition.
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Matata could not be taught language on computer lexicon board. Her son Kanzi used the board with no training.
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What was the an example of ASL with operant techniques?
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nim chimpsky was not successful
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What is the latest perspective on animals acquiring language?
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language is not all or none. Proto-language addresses animal abilities and the evolution of human abilities.
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What was Steven Pinker's view on evolutionary value of language?
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language has an obvious adaptive value and is a window into thought.
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What did Benjamin Whorf say about the influence of language on thought?
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Linguistic relativity: Hypothesis that language determines the nature of one's thoughts.
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What is spacial neglect?
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Ignorance towards one side of the body/enviornment
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Which side is almost exclusively affected due to damage to right parietal lobe?
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the left side
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What is Binocular Rivalry?
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Shifts in conscious content from each eye
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What is Conscious perception in Binocular rivalry?
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associated with greater and more synchronous activity
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What is the concept of threshold?
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activity in the amygdala without conscious perception
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What is an example of concept of threshold?
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The cocktail party phenomenon.
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