Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

The autonomic nervous system consists of motor neurons that

Back 1

innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Front 2

The ANS consists of motor neurons that opperate via

Back 2

subconscious control

Front 3

What are the three ways the autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system

Back 3

-Effectors
-Efferent Pathways
-Tangent organ responses

Front 4

What are the effectors of the SNS

Back 4

skeletal muscles

Front 5

What are the effectors of the ANS (3)

Back 5

Caridiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands

Front 6

Axons of the ANS are a ______-______ chain

Back 6

Two neuron

Front 7

What is the first neruron of the ANS two neuron chain

Back 7

preganglionic

Front 8

What is the second neuron of the ANS two neuron chain

Back 8

postganglionic

Front 9

preganglionic

Back 9

has a lightly myelinated axon

Front 10

postganglionic

Back 10

extends to an effector organ

Front 11

All somatic motor neurons release _______, which has an ________ effect

Back 11

-Acetylcholine
-Excitatory

Front 12

which fibers release ACh (TQ)******

Back 12

Preganglionic

Front 13

What do postganglionic fibers release and what is the effect

Back 13

-norepinephrine or ACh
-either stimulatory or inhibitory

Front 14

ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon the ________ _________ and the _________ ___________ of the effector

Back 14

-neurotransmitter released
-receptor type

Front 15

What are the two divisions of the ANS

Back 15

-sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 16

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do

Back 16

mobilizes the body during extreme situations (fright/flight)

Front 17

What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do

Back 17

performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy (breed/feed)

Front 18

Which division of the ANS deals with the "D" activities, and what are these

Back 18

-Parasympathetic
-digestion, defecation, and diuresis (breed/feed)

Front 19

What division of the ANS deals with the "A" activities, and what are these

Back 19

-Sympathetic
-exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

Front 20

Which division of the ANS is the "Fight or Flight" division

Back 20

-Sympathetic

Front 21

Sympathetic Division: Origin of Fibers (TQ)****

Back 21

-Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

Front 22

Sympathetic Division: Length of Fibers (TQ)*****

Back 22

-Short preganglionic and long postganglionic

Front 23

Sympathetic Division: Location of Ganglia (TQ)****

Back 23

Close to the spinal cord

Front 24

Parasymphetic Divison: Origin of Fibers (TQ)****

Back 24

Brain and sacral spinal cord
(craniosacral)

Front 25

Parasymphetic Divison: Length of Fibers (TQ)****

Back 25

Long preganglionic and short postganglionic

Front 26

Parasymphetic Divison: Locatio of Ganglia (TQ)****

Back 26

In the visceral effector organs

Front 27

What is the ganglion and effector organ of the occulomotor (III) nerve

Back 27

-Ciliary
-Eye

Front 28

Which cranial nerve has the ganglion located within the walls of the target organs and what is the effector organs

Back 28

-Vagus (X)
-Heart, lungs and most visceral organs

Front 29

What is the effector organs of the sacral outflow

Back 29

-Large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs

Front 30

Sympathetic neurons produce the _______ ______ of the spinal cord

Back 30

-Lateral Horns

Front 31

In a sympathetic outflow preganglionic fibers pass through the ______ ________ _______ and _______ in the (paravertebral) ganglia

Back 31

-White rami communicantes
-Synapses

Front 32

Fibers from the T5-L2 form ________ nerves and synapses with ________ ganglia

Back 32

-Splanchnic
-collateral

Front 33

Postganglionic fibers innervate the

Back 33

numerous organs of the body

Front 34

What ganglia forms part of the sympathetic trunk or chain

Back 34

-Paravertebral ganglia

Front 35

Postganglionic axons enter the _______ rami via the ______ rami communicantes

Back 35

-ventral
-gray

Front 36

Rami communicantes are associated only with the ________ ________

Back 36

-sympathetic division

Front 37

Fibers of the thoracic _______ nerve pass directly to the _______ _______

Back 37

-Splanchnic
-Adrenal Medulla

Front 38

Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete ________ and ________ into the blood

Back 38

-norpinephrine
-epinephrine

Front 39

In visceral reflexes they are always __________ pathways

Back 39

-polysynaptic

Front 40

Visceral Reflexes: Afferent fibers are found in _______ and ________ nerves

Back 40

-Spinal and autonomic

Front 41

Pain stimuli arising from the _______ are perceived as _______ in origin

Back 41

-Viscera
-Somatic

Front 42

Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as _______ ______ fibers

Back 42

-Somatic pain

Front 43

What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS

Back 43

-Acetylcholine (ACh)
-Norepinephrine (NE)

Front 44

ACh is releases by all ________ axons and all ________ ______ axons

Back 44

-preganglionic
-parasympathetic postganglionic

Front 45

Cholinergic Fibers

Back 45

ACh releasing fibers

Front 46

Adrenergic Fibers (TQ)****

Back 46

sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE

Front 47

neurotransmitters effects can be ______ or ______ depending upon the receptor type

Back 47

-excitatory or inhibitory

Front 48

What are the two type of receptors that bind ACh are

Back 48

-nicotinic and muscarinic

Front 49

Nicotinic and muscarinic are named after drugs that

Back 49

bind to them and mimic ACh effects

Front 50

Nicotinic receptors are found on (3)

Back 50

-motor end plates
-ganglionic neurons
-hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla

Front 51

The effects of ACh binind to nicotinic receptors is always

Back 51

-stimulatory

Front 52

The effect of ACh binding depends on the

Back 52

-receptor type of the target organ

Front 53

The two types of adrenergic receptors are

Back 53

alpha and beta

Front 54

Alpha receptors are

Back 54

generally stimulatory

Front 55

Beta receptors are

Back 55

generally inhibitory

Front 56

A notible for adrenergic receptors is

Back 56

norepinephrine binding to beta receptors of the heart is stimulatory

Front 57

Effects of Drugs: Atropine

Back 57

-blocks parasympathetic effects

Front 58

Effects of Drugs: Neostigmine

Back 58

-inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to treat myasthenia gravis

Front 59

Effects of Drugs: Tricyclic antidepressants

Back 59

prolong the activity of NA on postsynaptic membranes

Front 60

Effects of Drugs: Beta-blockers

Back 60

attach mainly to Beta receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias

Front 61

Interaction of the autonomic divisions results in ______ _______ that precisely control visceral activity

Back 61

-dynamic antagonisms

Front 62

Sympathetic fibers

Back 62

-increase heart and respiratory rates, and inhibit digestion and elimination

Front 63

Parasympathetic fibers

Back 63

-decrease heart and respiratory rates, and allow for digestion and the discarding of wastes

Front 64

The sympathetic division controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a

Back 64

continual state of partial constriction

Front 65

Whic type of drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension

Back 65

Alpha-Blocker

Front 66

Drug that block parasympathetic responses

Back 66

-atropine

Front 67

Parasympathetic fibers cause ______ and are responsible for ______ of the penis and clitoris

Back 67

-vasodilation
-erection

Front 68

Which fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex peristalsis in females

Back 68

-sympathetic fibers

Front 69

What are the (5) unique roles of the sympathetic division

Back 69

-adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kendeys, and most blood vessels

Front 70

What three aspects does the sympathetic division control

Back 70

-thermoregulatory responses to hear
-release of renin from kindeys
-metabolic effects

Front 71

applying heat to the skin causes _____ ______ of blood vessels

Back 71

reflex dilation

Front 72

What results in the widespeard dilation of blood vessels

Back 72

-systemic body temperature elevation

Front 73

When temperature falls, blood vessels _______ and blood is _______ in deeper vital organs

Back 73

-constrict
-retained

Front 74

sympathetic impulses activate the kidneys to release

Back 74

renin

Front 75

Renin

Back 75

is an enzyme that promotes increases blood pressure

Front 76

the parasympathetic division exerts

Back 76

short-lives, highly localized control

Front 77

the sympathetic divison exerts

Back 77

long-lasting, diffuse effects

Front 78

What does stimulating the reticular activating system of the brain do

Back 78

increases mental alertness

Front 79

sympathetic activation is long-lasting because NE is

Back 79

inactivated more slowly than ACh

Front 80

sympathetic activation is long-lasting because NE is an indrectly acting neurotransmitter, using a

Back 80

second-messenger system

Front 81

What is the main integration center of ANS activity

Back 81

hypothalamus

Front 82

What center of control controls heart activity and blood pressure

Back 82

-hypothalamic

Front 83

the hypothalamic controls body temperature, ________ balance, and _____ activity

Back 83

-water balance
-endocrine activity

Front 84

The hypothalamic controls _________ stages (rage,pleasure) and ______ drives (hunger,thirse,sex)

Back 84

-emotional stages
-biological drives

Front 85

What part of the human body controls the "fight or flight" system

Back 85

-hypothalamic center

Front 86

In old age, ANS efficiency decreases, resulting in

Back 86

-constipation, dry eyes, and orthostatic hypotension

Front 87

Orthostatic hypotension

Back 87

is a form of low blood pressure that occours when symphatetic vasoconstriction centers repsond slowly to positional changes