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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The autonomic nervous system consists of motor neurons that
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innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
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The ANS consists of motor neurons that opperate via
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subconscious control
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What are the three ways the autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system
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-Effectors
-Efferent Pathways -Tangent organ responses |
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What are the effectors of the SNS
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skeletal muscles
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What are the effectors of the ANS (3)
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Caridiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
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Axons of the ANS are a ______-______ chain
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Two neuron
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What is the first neruron of the ANS two neuron chain
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preganglionic
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What is the second neuron of the ANS two neuron chain
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postganglionic
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preganglionic
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has a lightly myelinated axon
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postganglionic
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extends to an effector organ
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All somatic motor neurons release _______, which has an ________ effect
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-Acetylcholine
-Excitatory |
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which fibers release ACh (TQ)******
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Preganglionic
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What do postganglionic fibers release and what is the effect
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-norepinephrine or ACh
-either stimulatory or inhibitory |
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ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon the ________ _________ and the _________ ___________ of the effector
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-neurotransmitter released
-receptor type |
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What are the two divisions of the ANS
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-sympathetic and parasympathetic
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What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do
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mobilizes the body during extreme situations (fright/flight)
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What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do
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performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy (breed/feed)
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Which division of the ANS deals with the "D" activities, and what are these
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-Parasympathetic
-digestion, defecation, and diuresis (breed/feed) |
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What division of the ANS deals with the "A" activities, and what are these
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-Sympathetic
-exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment |
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Which division of the ANS is the "Fight or Flight" division
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-Sympathetic
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Sympathetic Division: Origin of Fibers (TQ)****
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-Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
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Sympathetic Division: Length of Fibers (TQ)*****
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-Short preganglionic and long postganglionic
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Sympathetic Division: Location of Ganglia (TQ)****
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Close to the spinal cord
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Parasymphetic Divison: Origin of Fibers (TQ)****
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Brain and sacral spinal cord
(craniosacral) |
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Parasymphetic Divison: Length of Fibers (TQ)****
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Long preganglionic and short postganglionic
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Parasymphetic Divison: Locatio of Ganglia (TQ)****
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In the visceral effector organs
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What is the ganglion and effector organ of the occulomotor (III) nerve
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-Ciliary
-Eye |
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Which cranial nerve has the ganglion located within the walls of the target organs and what is the effector organs
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-Vagus (X)
-Heart, lungs and most visceral organs |
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What is the effector organs of the sacral outflow
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-Large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs
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Sympathetic neurons produce the _______ ______ of the spinal cord
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-Lateral Horns
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In a sympathetic outflow preganglionic fibers pass through the ______ ________ _______ and _______ in the (paravertebral) ganglia
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-White rami communicantes
-Synapses |
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Fibers from the T5-L2 form ________ nerves and synapses with ________ ganglia
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-Splanchnic
-collateral |
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Postganglionic fibers innervate the
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numerous organs of the body
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What ganglia forms part of the sympathetic trunk or chain
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-Paravertebral ganglia
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Postganglionic axons enter the _______ rami via the ______ rami communicantes
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-ventral
-gray |
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Rami communicantes are associated only with the ________ ________
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-sympathetic division
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Fibers of the thoracic _______ nerve pass directly to the _______ _______
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-Splanchnic
-Adrenal Medulla |
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Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete ________ and ________ into the blood
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-norpinephrine
-epinephrine |
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In visceral reflexes they are always __________ pathways
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-polysynaptic
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Visceral Reflexes: Afferent fibers are found in _______ and ________ nerves
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-Spinal and autonomic
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Pain stimuli arising from the _______ are perceived as _______ in origin
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-Viscera
-Somatic |
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Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as _______ ______ fibers
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-Somatic pain
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What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS
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-Acetylcholine (ACh)
-Norepinephrine (NE) |
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ACh is releases by all ________ axons and all ________ ______ axons
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-preganglionic
-parasympathetic postganglionic |
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Cholinergic Fibers
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ACh releasing fibers
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Adrenergic Fibers (TQ)****
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sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE
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neurotransmitters effects can be ______ or ______ depending upon the receptor type
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-excitatory or inhibitory
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What are the two type of receptors that bind ACh are
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-nicotinic and muscarinic
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Nicotinic and muscarinic are named after drugs that
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bind to them and mimic ACh effects
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Nicotinic receptors are found on (3)
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-motor end plates
-ganglionic neurons -hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla |
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The effects of ACh binind to nicotinic receptors is always
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-stimulatory
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The effect of ACh binding depends on the
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-receptor type of the target organ
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The two types of adrenergic receptors are
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alpha and beta
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Alpha receptors are
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generally stimulatory
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Beta receptors are
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generally inhibitory
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A notible for adrenergic receptors is
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norepinephrine binding to beta receptors of the heart is stimulatory
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Effects of Drugs: Atropine
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-blocks parasympathetic effects
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Effects of Drugs: Neostigmine
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-inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to treat myasthenia gravis
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Effects of Drugs: Tricyclic antidepressants
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prolong the activity of NA on postsynaptic membranes
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Effects of Drugs: Beta-blockers
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attach mainly to Beta receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias
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Interaction of the autonomic divisions results in ______ _______ that precisely control visceral activity
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-dynamic antagonisms
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Sympathetic fibers
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-increase heart and respiratory rates, and inhibit digestion and elimination
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Parasympathetic fibers
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-decrease heart and respiratory rates, and allow for digestion and the discarding of wastes
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The sympathetic division controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a
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continual state of partial constriction
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Whic type of drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension
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Alpha-Blocker
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Drug that block parasympathetic responses
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-atropine
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Parasympathetic fibers cause ______ and are responsible for ______ of the penis and clitoris
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-vasodilation
-erection |
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Which fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex peristalsis in females
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-sympathetic fibers
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What are the (5) unique roles of the sympathetic division
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-adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kendeys, and most blood vessels
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What three aspects does the sympathetic division control
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-thermoregulatory responses to hear
-release of renin from kindeys -metabolic effects |
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applying heat to the skin causes _____ ______ of blood vessels
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reflex dilation
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What results in the widespeard dilation of blood vessels
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-systemic body temperature elevation
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When temperature falls, blood vessels _______ and blood is _______ in deeper vital organs
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-constrict
-retained |
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sympathetic impulses activate the kidneys to release
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renin
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Renin
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is an enzyme that promotes increases blood pressure
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the parasympathetic division exerts
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short-lives, highly localized control
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the sympathetic divison exerts
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long-lasting, diffuse effects
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What does stimulating the reticular activating system of the brain do
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increases mental alertness
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sympathetic activation is long-lasting because NE is
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inactivated more slowly than ACh
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sympathetic activation is long-lasting because NE is an indrectly acting neurotransmitter, using a
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second-messenger system
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What is the main integration center of ANS activity
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hypothalamus
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What center of control controls heart activity and blood pressure
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-hypothalamic
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the hypothalamic controls body temperature, ________ balance, and _____ activity
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-water balance
-endocrine activity |
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The hypothalamic controls _________ stages (rage,pleasure) and ______ drives (hunger,thirse,sex)
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-emotional stages
-biological drives |
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What part of the human body controls the "fight or flight" system
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-hypothalamic center
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In old age, ANS efficiency decreases, resulting in
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-constipation, dry eyes, and orthostatic hypotension
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Orthostatic hypotension
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is a form of low blood pressure that occours when symphatetic vasoconstriction centers repsond slowly to positional changes
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