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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cardinal Traits
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personality traits with the most influence Mandela/justice; M. Teresa/service; Hitler/oppressive power
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Central Traits
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capture aspects of the individual but not as influential as Cardinal traits.
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(honest or warm)
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Secondary Traits
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have minimal influence on one’s personality. (frequntly change jobs
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Cattell
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171 adjectives –surface traits – those adjectives that “cluster” together create 16 variables- personality variables – these he called source traits.
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck
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3 bipolar dimensions to personality
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Introversion-extroversion
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outgoing/active - - shy/reserved/careful
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Neuroticism-emotional stability
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worry/guilt – even tempered/stable
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Psychoticism-self-control
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aggressive/egocentric –considerate/obedient
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Big 5 Characteristics
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predict other personal attributes Fairly well
apply to other cultures? Reasonably well How heritable are these traits Quite heritable How stable are these traits? Quite stable |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
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Extroversion
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High sensitivity to reinforcement/high activity levels in infants
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Introversion
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High sensitivity to punishment – controlled by the amygdala
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Psychoticism
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Low sensitivity to punishment; high optimal level of arousal- difficulty with inhibition.
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Neuroticism
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Anxious/Fearful – sensitive to punishment – perhaps controlled by the amygdala
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Social Cognitive Approaches
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Personality is a learned process
Stronger role of the environment Expectancies and Observational Learning |
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Locus of Control: Julian Rotter
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our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless
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External Locus of Control
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you control
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Internal Locus of Control
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environment controls
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Learned Helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Id
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unconscious psychic energy
strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives |
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pleasure principle
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demanding immediate gratification
(id) |
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Ego
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mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
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Superego
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It is the internal representative of the values of parents and society.
(devided into conscience and ego idea) |
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Ego ideal
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which promotes idealistic and perfectionist goals
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Conscience
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morally right and wrong
Inhibiting the id impulses persuade the ego to attend to moral rather than realistic goals. |
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Defense Mechanisms
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These are mental systems that become active whenever unconscious instinctual drives of the id come into conflict with the superego, and include:
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Identification
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the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos – including gender identity
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Fixation
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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
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Anxiety
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The ego’s fear of losing the battle between the superego and the id –when this occurs the ego protects itself by using various defense mechanism.
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Psychosexual stages
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seeking pleasure from specific parts of the body called erogenous zones
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Fixation
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arrested development of a stage
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Oral stage
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gratification of the hunger drive
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• Anal stage
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the desire to poop
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• Phallic stage
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playing with yourself, and being attracted to your parents, you begin to like your same sex parent in identification
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• Latency period
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6 to puburty, dormnt exual feelings
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• Genital stage
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attracted to young ones
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Alfred Adler
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importance of childhood social tension – role of the inferiority complex
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Karen Horney
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sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases – helplessness signals a desire for love and security.
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Carl Jung
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emphasized the unconscious – what he comes to term the collective unconscious
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Abraham Maslow
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Behavior is motivated by a hierarchy of needs
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Self-Actualization
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the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
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Rogers
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beleived in conditions of worth
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Conditions of worth
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the conditions that others place upon us in order to receive their positive regard
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Unconditional positive regard
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the unconditional love and acceptance of an individual by another person
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