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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Puberty
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the time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. usually lasts 3-5 years. many more years are required to receive psychological puberty.
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menarche
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a girls first menstrual period. signaling that she has begun ovulation. pregnancy is biologically possible. but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche
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spermarche
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a boys first ejaculation of sperm. erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. occurs during sleep or during direct stimulation.
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hormone.
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an organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function. influence thoughts, urges, emotions, and behavior
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pituitary
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a gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands
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adrenal glands
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two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones, including the stress hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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HPA axis
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the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, a route followed by many kinds of hormones to trigger the changes of puberty and to regulate stress, growth, sleep, appetite, sexual excitement, and various other bodily changes.
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gonads
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the paired sex glands(ovaries in females) testicles in males. the gonads produce hormones and gametes
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estradiol
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a sex hormones considered the cheif estrogen, females produce more than males do.
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testosterone
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a sex hormone the best known of the androgens (male hormones) secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.
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secular trend
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a term that refers to the earlier and greater growth of children due to improved nutrition and medical care over the last 2 centuries.
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body image
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a persons idea of how his or her body looks.
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growth spurt
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the relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. each body part increases in size on a schedule. weight usually precedes height, and the limbs precede the torso
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primary sex characteristics
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the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina uterus ovaries testicles and penis
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secondary sex characteristics
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physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction by that indicate sexual maturity such as a mans beard and a womans breasts
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male pride
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teenage body typically feel serious pride when they first need to shave. although facial hair is taken as a sign of masculinity, a persons hairiness is actually genetic as well as hormonal. further evidence that the western worlds traditional racial categories have no genetic basis comes from east Asia. many Chinese men cannot grow beards or mustaches but most Japanese men can
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sexually transmitted infection
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a disease spread by sexual contact including syphilis gonorrhea genital herpes chlamydia and hiv
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child sexual abuse
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any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites shames or confuses a child. whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved.
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generational forgetting
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the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned about harmful drugs
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adolescent ego-centrism
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a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.
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invincibility fable
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an adolescents egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal such as unprotected sex drug abuse or high speed driving
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imaginary audience
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the other people who in an adolescents egocentric belief are watching and taking note of his or her appearance ideas and behavior. this belief makes many teenagers very self conscious
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formal operational thought
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in piagets theory the fourth and final stage of cognitive development characterize by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas
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Hypothetical thought
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reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning from a general statement premise or principle through logical steps to figure out specifics
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inductive reasoning
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reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusions may be less cognitively advanced than deduction.
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dual process model
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the notion that two networks exist within the human brain one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli
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intuitive thought
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thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch beyond rational explanation. past experiences cultural assumptions and sudden impulses are the precursors of intuitive thought.
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analytic thought
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thought that results from analysis such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons risks and consequences possibilities and facts.
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sunk cost fallacy
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the belief that if time or money has already been invested in something then more time or money should be invested. because of this fallacy people spend money trying to fix a lemon of a car or sending more troops to fights for a losing cause.
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secondary education
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literally the period after primary education and before tertiary education. it usually occurs from about age 12 to 18 although there is some variation by school and nation.
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middle school
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a school for the grades between elementary and high school. middle school can begin with grade 5 or 6 and usually ends with grade b
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high stakes test
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an evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. if a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted.
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identity achievement
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ericksons term for the attainment of identity or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual in accord with past experiences and future plans
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identity diffusion
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a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
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foreclosure
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eriksons term for premature identity formation which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents or society roles and values wholesale without questioning and analysis
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moratorium
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a way for adolescents to postpone making identity achievement choices by finding an accepted way to avoid identity achievement. going to college is the most common example.
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gender identity
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a persons acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female.
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sexual orientation
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a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex the opposite sex or both sexes
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bickering
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petty peevish arguing usually repeated and ongoing.
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parental monitoring
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parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing where and with whom.
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clique
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a group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders
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crowd
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a larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends.
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peer pressure
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encouragement to conform with ones friends or contemporaries in behavior dress and attitude usually considered a negative force as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
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deviancy training
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destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms
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peer selection
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an ongoing active process whereby adolescents select friends on the basis of shared interests and values
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peer facilitation
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the encouragement adolescent peers give one another to partake in activities or behaviors the would not otherwise do alone whether constructive or destructive
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comorbidity
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a situation where two or more unrelated illnesses or disorders occur at the same time.
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clinical depression
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feelings of hopelessness lethargy and worthlessness that last two weeks more
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rumination
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repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences can contribute to depression
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suicidal ideation
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thinking about suicide usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones
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parasuicide
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any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death
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cluster suicides
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several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time
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incidence
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how often a particular behavior or circumstance occur
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prevalence
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how widespread within a population a particular behavior or circumstance
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life course persistent offender
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a person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life. a career criminal
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adolescence limited offender
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a person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
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senescence
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the process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient
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homeostasis
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the adjustment of all the body's systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium. as the body ages it takes longer for these homeostatic adjustments to occur so it becomes harder or older bodies to adapt to stress.
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organ reserve
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the capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress via extra unused functioning ability
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set point
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a particular body weight that an individuals homeostatic processes strive to maintain
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body mass index
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the ratio of a persons weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meters squared
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anorexia nervosa
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a serious eating disorder in which a person restricts eating to the point of emaciation and possible starvation. most victims are high achieving females in early puberty or early adulthood
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bulimia nervosa
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an eating disorder in which the person usually female engages repeatedly in episodes of binge eating followed by purging through induced vomiting or use of laxatives
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edgework
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occupations or recreational activities that involve a degree of risk or danger the prospect of living on the edge makes edgework compelling to some ind.
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extreme sports
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forms of recreation that include apparent risk of injury or death and that are attractive and thrilling as a result.
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drug abuse
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the ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the users biological or psychological well being
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drug addiction
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a condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug in the ind. system produces a drive-physiological psychological or both to ingest more of the drug
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delay discounting
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the tendency to undervalue or downright ignore future consequences and rewards in favor of more immediate gratification
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social norms
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the standards of behavior within a given society or culture based more on how people should behave than on how they actually behave
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social norms approach
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a method of reducing risky behavior that uses emerging adults desire to follow social norms by making them aware through the use of surveys of the prevalence of various behaviors within their peer group
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postformal thought
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a proposed adult stage of cognitive development following piagets four stages that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical more flexible and more dialectical
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subjective thought
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thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the ind. thinker such as past experiences cultural assumptions and goals for the future.
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objective thought
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thinking that is not influenced by the thinkers personal qualities but involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid
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stereotype threat
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the possibility that ones appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another persons oversimplified prejudiced attitudes.
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dialectical thought
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the most advanced cognitive process characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis. makes possible a ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages possibilities and limitations.
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thesis
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a proposition or statement of belief the first stage of the process of dialectical thinking
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antithesis
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a proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis the second stage of the process of dialectical thinking
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synthesis
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a new idea that integrates the thesis and its antithesis thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth the third stage of the process of dialectical thinking
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morality of care
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in gilligans view moral principles that reflect the tendency of females to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms because they are socialized to be the nurturer, compassionate and nonjudgmental
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morality of justice
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in gilligans view moral principles that reflect the tendency of males to emphasize justice over compassion judging right and wrong in absolute terms
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defining issues test (DIT)
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a series of questions developed by james rest and designed to assess respondents level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas
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diversity
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variety or heterogeneity within a certain category such as plants or animals. for developmentalists diversity involves differences among groups of ppl based on such characteristics as race gender culture age family income and sexuality
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intimacy versus isolation
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the sixth of eriksons eight stages of development. adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self sacrificing commitment without such commitment they risk profound aloneness and isolation
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gateways to attraction
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the various qualities such as appearance and proximity that are prerequisites for the formation of close friendships and intimate relationships.
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exclusion criteria
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a persons reasons for omitting certain ppl from consideration as close friends or as romantic partners. may vary from ind. to ind.
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cohabitation
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an arrangement in which a man and woman live together in a committed sexual relationship but are not formally married
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homogamy
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defined by developmentalists as marriage between ind. who tend to b similar with respect to such variables as SES. goals interests attitudes religion ethnic background
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heterogamy
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defined by developmentalists as marriage between ind. who tend to be dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes religion SES ethnic background and local origin
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social homogamy
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the similarity of a couples leisure interests and role preferences
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social exchange theory
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the view that social behavior is a process of exchange aimed at maximizing the benefits one receives and minimizing the costs one pays
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common couple violence
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a form of abuse in which one or both partners of a couple engage in outbursts of verbal and physical attack
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intimate terrorism
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spouse abuse in which most often the husband uses violent methods of accelerating intensity to isolate degrade and punish the wife
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linked lives
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lives in which the success health and well being of one generation in a family are connected to those of another generation as in the relationship between parents and children
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diathesis stress model
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the view that mental disorders such as schizophernia are produced by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability with stressful environmental factors and life events.
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hikikomori
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a japanese word literally meaning pull away the name of an anxiety disorder common among young adults in japan in which sufferers isolate themselves from the outside world by staying inside their homes for months or even years at a time
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