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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group |
prejudice |
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prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race |
racism |
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simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward minorities |
aversive racism |
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unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong |
discrimination |
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beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits |
stereotypes |
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categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a general stereotype |
subtypes |
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the natural tendency of humans to sort objects into groups |
categorization |
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the process of sorting people into groups on the basis of characteristics they have in common (e.g., race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation) |
social categorization |
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people who belong to a different group or category than we do |
outgroup members |
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people who belong to the same group or category as we do |
ingroup members |
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the assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another |
outgroup homogeneity bias |
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rejection of those who associate with stigmatized others |
stigma by association |
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excessive fear of homosexuals or homosexual behavior |
homophobia |
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characteristics of individuals that are considered socially unacceptable (e.g., being overweight, mentally ill, sick, poor, or physically scarred) |
stigmas |
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preferential treatment of, or more favorable attitudes toward people in one's own group |
ingroup favoritism |
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the finding that people show favoritism toward ingroup members even when group membership is randomly determined |
minimal group effect |
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goals that can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others |
superordinate goals |
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the idea that competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict |
realistic conflict theory |
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situation in which people can attain their goals only if others do noq |
competition |
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situation in which people must work together with others to help all achieve their goals |
cooperation |
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the finding that groups are more extreme, and often more hostile than individuals |
discontinuity effect |
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the idea that regular interaction between members of different groups reduces prejudice, providing that it occurs under favorable conditions |
contact hypothesis |
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people who have very little contact with other groups have no information about them, and so they attempt to fill the gap by forming stereotypes |
ignorance |
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to retain their status, powerful groups justify and rationalize prejudice against less powerful groups |
rationalizations for oppression |
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to simplify their world, people often rely on stereotypes as mental shortcuts or heuristics |
stereotypes as heuristics |
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people can feel better about themselves if they consider their own group superior and all other groups inferior |
prejudice boosts self-esteem |
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being obvious or standing out |
salience |
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the idea that blaming problems and misfortunes on outgroups contributes to negative attitudes toward these outgroups |
scapegoat theory |
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the tendency for people to take credit for success but refuse blame for problems and failures |
self-serving bias |
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deciding as quickly as possible whether a string of letters is a real word or not |
lexical decision task |
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the tendency to focus more on evidence that supports one's expectations than on evidence that contradicts them |
confirmation bias |
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a cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of preudice |
jigsaw classroom |
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a prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will come true |
self-fulfilling prophecy |
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a predicition that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will not come truw |
self-defeating prophecy |
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the fear that one might confirm the stereotypes that others hold |
stereotype threat |
