Chapter 13: Pns

Front 1

PNS

Back 1

All neuron structures outside the brain and spinal cord

Front 2

PNS structures include

Back 2

sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings

Front 3

Mechanoreceptors

Back 3

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

Front 4

Thermoreceptors

Back 4

sensitive to changes in temperature

Front 5

Photoreceptors

Back 5

respond to light energy (e.g., retina)

Front 6

Chemoreceptors

Back 6

respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

Front 7

Nociceptors (or nocioreceptors)

Back 7

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli

Front 8

Exteroceptors

Back 8

Respond to stimuli arising outside the body

Front 9

Exteroceptors are found

Back 9

near the body surface

Front 10

Exteroceptors are sensitive to (4)

Back 10

touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Front 11

special sense organs are found in which receptor class

Back 11

Exteroceptors

Front 12

Interoceptors

Back 12

Respond to stimuli arising within the body

Front 13

Interoceptors are found in

Back 13

internal viscera and blood vessels

Front 14

Interoceptors are sensitive to

Back 14

chemical changes, stretch, and temperature changes

Front 15

Proprioceptors

Back 15

Respond to degree of stretch of the organs they occupy

Front 16

Proprioceptors are found in

Back 16

skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles

Front 17

Which receptor class advises the brain of ones movement

Back 17

Proprioceptors

Front 18

Most receptors are simple and include

Back 18

encapsulated and unencapsulated varieties

Front 19

Complex receptors are

Back 19

special sense organs

Front 20

Simple receptors: Unencapuslated are
what do they respond to

Back 20

-free dendritic nerve endings
-to temperature and pain

Front 21

Sensation

Back 21

the awareness of changes in the internal and external enviroment

Front 22

Perception

Back 22

is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli

Front 23

A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach

Back 23

threshold

Front 24

Adaption occours when

Back 24

sensory receptors are subjected to an unchanging stimulus

Front 25

receptors responding to ____, _______, and _______ adapt quickly

Back 25

-Pressure, Touch, and Smell

Front 26

Which receptors do not exhibit adaptation (TQ) ******

Back 26

-Pain Receptors and Proprioceptors

Front 27

Nerve

Back 27

cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

Front 28

Connective Tissue Covering: Endoneurium

Back 28

loose connective tissue that surrounds axons

Front 29

Connective Tissue Covering: Perineurium

Back 29

Coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

Front 30

Connective Tissue Covering: Epineurium

Back 30

Tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

Front 31

Sensory afferent (TQ)*****

Back 31

carry impulse to the CNS

Front 32

Motor efferent (TQ)*****

Back 32

carry impulses from CNS

Front 33

Mixed Sensory and Motor

Back 33

carry impulses to and from CNS; most common type

Front 34

Mixed Nerves

Back 34

carry somatic and autonomic impulses

Front 35

Four types of mixed nerves are

Back 35

-Somatic afferent and somatic efferent
-Visceral afferent and visceral efferent

Front 36

Why is damage to nerve tissue serious

Back 36

because mature neurons are amitotic

Front 37

When can a nerve damage be repaired

Back 37

If the soma of a damaged nerve remains intact

Front 38

Regeneration: Macrophanges

Back 38

remove debris

Front 39

Regeneration: Schwann Cells (TQ)****

Back 39

form regeneration tube and secrete growth

Front 40

Regeneration: Axons

Back 40

regenerate damaged part

Front 41

Cranial Nerve I (TQ)****
Function

Back 41

-Olfactory
-Carrying afferent impulses fro the sense of smell

Front 42

Where does the olfactory nerve run through (TQ)****

Back 42

the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Front 43

Cranial Nerve II (TQ)****
Function

Back 43

-Optic
-Carrying afferent impulses for vision

Front 44

Explain the course of the optic nerve (TQ)****

Back 44

Nerve passes through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm, they continue to the thalamus where they synapse. From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the visual cortex

Front 45

Cranial Nerve III (TQ)****
Function

Back 45

-Oculomotor
-raising the eyelid, direction the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape

Front 46

Cranial Nerve IV (TQ)****
Function

Back 46

-Trochlear
-Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball

Front 47

Cranial Nerve VI (TQ)****
Function
What kind of Nerve

Back 47

-Abducens
-Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle

Front 48

Cranial Nerve V (TQ)****
Function

Back 48

-Trigeminal
-Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face (V1 and V2) and supplies motor fibers (V3)

Front 49

Trigeminal is composed of three divisions (TQ)****

Back 49

-Ophthalmic (V1)
-Maxillary (V2)
-Mandibular (V3)

Front 50

In the Trigeminal Nerve fibers from from the face to the pons via the (TQ)****

Back 50

-superior orbital fissure (V1), the foramen rotundum (V2), and the foramen ovale (V3)

Front 51

Cranial Nerve VII (TQ)****
Function (Motor and Sensory)

Back 51

-Facial
-Motor: facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary gland
-Sensory: taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tounge

Front 52

Cranial Nerve VIII (TQ)****
Two Divisions

Back 52

-Vestibulocochlear
-Cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance)

Front 53

The vestibulocochlear passes through the (TQ)****

Back 53

internal acoustic meatus, and enters the brainstem at the pons-medulla border

Front 54

Cranial Nerve IX (TQ)****
Function (Motor and Sensory)

Back 54

-Glossopharyngeal
-Motor: innervates part of the tounge and pharynx, provides fibers to the parotid salivary gland
-Sensory: fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tounge and pharynx

Front 55

Cranial Nerve X (TQ)****
Function (Motor and Sensory)

Back 55

-Vagus
-Motor: fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs
-Sensory: taste

Front 56

What is the only cranial nerve that extens beyond the head and neck (TQ)****

Back 56

- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus

Front 57

Where do the fibers for the vagus nerve emerge from

Back 57

the medulla via the jugular foramen

Front 58

Cranial Nerve XI (TQ)****
Function

Back 58

-Accessory
-Motor: Inervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.

Front 59

The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via the (TQ)****

Back 59

Jugular foramen

Front 60

Cranial Nerve XII (TQ)****
Function

Back 60

-Hypoglossal
-Inervates muscles of the tounge, which contribute to swallowing and speech

Front 61

Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via

Back 61

two medial roots

Front 62

Each root forms a series of rootlets that

Back 62

attach to the spinal cord

Front 63

Spinal Nerve: Roots (Ventral)

Back 63

arise from the anterior horn and contain motor (efferent) fibers

Front 64

Spinal Nerve: Roots (Dorsal)

Back 64

arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers

Front 65

The short spinal nerves branch into three or four mixed, distal

Back 65

rami

Front 66

What are the to main types of distal rami

Back 66

-Small dorsal ramus
-Larger ventral ramus

Front 67

All ventral rami except T2-T12 form

Back 67

interlacing nerve network called plexuses

Front 68

Where are plexuses found

Back 68

in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral region

Front 69

Each muscle recieves a nerve supply from

Back 69

more than one spinal nerve

Front 70

The back is innervated by

Back 70

dorsal rami via several brances

Front 71

The thorax is innervated by ventral rami T1-T12 as

Back 71

intercostal nerves

Front 72

What plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C1-C4

Back 72

Cervical

Front 73

What are the branches of the cervical plexus

Back 73

-cutaneous nerves of the neck
-ear
-back of the head and shoulder

Front 74

What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus

Back 74

-The phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)

Front 75

Which nerve is the major nerve of the diaphram

Back 75

-The phrenic nerve

Front 76

The brachial plexus is formed by

Back 76

C5-C8 and T1

Front 77

What plexus gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb

Back 77

Brachial Plexus

Front 78

Brachial Plexus: Roots

Back 78

-five ventral rami (C5-T1)

Front 79

Brachial Plexus: Trunks

Back 79

-upper, middle, and lower, which form divisions

Front 80

Brachial Plexus: Division

Back 80

-anterior and posterior serve the front and back of the limb

Front 81

Brachial Plexus: Cords

Back 81

-Lateral, medial and posterior fiber bundles

Front 82

Brachial Plexus Nerves: Axillary
(TQ)****

Back 82

innervates the deltoid and teres minor

Front 83

Brachial Plexus Nerves: Musculocutaneous (TQ)****

Back 83

sends fibers to the bicept brachii and brachialis

Front 84

Brachial Plexus Nerves: Median
(TQ)****

Back 84

branches to most of the flexor muscles of arm

Front 85

Brachial Plexus Nerves: Ulnar
(TQ)****

Back 85

supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus

Front 86

Brachial Plexus Nerves: Radial
(TQ)****

Back 86

innervates essentially all extensor muscles

Front 87

What are the major nerves of the lumbar plexus

Back 87

-femoral and the obturator

Front 88

What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus

Back 88

-the sciatic

Front 89

What is the longest and thickest nerve of the body

Back 89

-Sciatic

Front 90

What two nerves is the sciatic composed of

Back 90

-tibial
-common fibular (peroneal) nerves

Front 91

Hiltons Law

Back 91

any nerve serving a muscles that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint

Front 92

What are thw two PNS elements that activate effectors by releasing neurotransmitters at

Back 92

-neuromuscular junctions
-varicosities at smooth muscle and glands

Front 93

Where does innervation of skeletal muscle take place

Back 93

at a neuromuscular junction

Front 94

Acetylcholine

Back 94

the neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Front 95

ACh binds to receptors resulting in

Back 95

an end-plate potential that triggers an action potential

Front 96

The segmental level consists of

Back 96

segmental circuits of the spinal cord

Front 97

Reflex

Back 97

is a rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus

Front 98

Reflex Arc: Receptor

Back 98

site of stimulus

Front 99

Reflex Arc: Sensory neuron

Back 99

transmitts the afferent impulses to the CNS

Front 100

Reflex Arc: Integration center

Back 100

either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS

Front 101

Reflex Arc: Motor neuron

Back 101

conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector

Front 102

Reflex Arc: Effector

Back 102

muscles fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse

Front 103

strech reflexes initiated by muscles spindles must maintain

Back 103

healthy muscle tone

Front 104

Streching the muscle activates the

Back 104

muscle spindle

Front 105

excited y motor neurons of the spindle cause the

Back 105

streched muscle to contract

Front 106

What is an example of a stretch reflex

Back 106

patellar reflex

Front 107

What happens when you tap the patellar tendon

Back 107

streches the quadricepts and starts the reflex action

Front 108

Which tendon reflex is the opposite of the stretch reflex

Back 108

Golgi tendon reflex

Front 109

the flexor reflex is inititated by a painful stimulus that causes

Back 109

automatic withdrawl of the threatened body part

Front 110

What are the two parts of the crossed extensor reflex

Back 110

-The stimulated side is withdrawn
-The contralateral side is extended

Front 111

The superficial reflexes is initiated by

Back 111

gental cutaneous stimulation

Front 112

What is an example of superficial reflexes

Back 112

plantar reflex is initiated by stimulating the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot

Front 113

Babinski's Sign

Back 113

-abnormal plantar reflex indicating corticospinal damage where the great toe dorsiflexes and the smaller toes fan laterally