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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A plant embryo encased in a hard, protective shell.
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spore
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A plant embryo and a food supply encased in a hard outer shell.
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seed
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The food supply found inside a seed.
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endosperm
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Veins that allow food and water to be transported long distances.
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vascular tissue
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Vascular tissue is composed of these two things.
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xylem and phloem
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This divison of plants are the most primitive land plants and are limited to living in moist areas.
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Bryophytes (mosses)
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These plants were the first to have vascular tissues, allowing them to grow taller.
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Pterophytes (ferns)
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These plants lack vascualar tissue, reproduce with spores, and their sperm must travel through a thin film of water to reach the egg.
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Brophytes (mosses)
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Although these plants also have vascular tissue, they reproduce with seeds, which allows the plants to put down roots before they emerge from the ground for photosynthesis.
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Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
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Water sticking to itself.
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cohesion
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Water sticking to other objects
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adhesion
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These plants cannot grow more than 2 cm tall since they must rely on the slow process of diffusion to transport water throughout themselves.
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Bryophytes (mosses)
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A protective case for the sperm that prevents them from drying up and allows them to travel from plant to plant in the wind.
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Pollen
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This division of plants were the first plants to have pollen.
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Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
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These plants are identified by having needle-like leaves and they bear their seeds in cones.
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Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
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These plants are the most successful plants on Earth today and protect their seeds with fruit.
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Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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Cedar trees, pine trees, hemlocks, spruce, and firs are all _________________.
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Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
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These plants have vascular tissue, reproduce with seeds, and protect their sperm in the form of pollen. They are also animal pollinated.
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Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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What is the purpose of the flower on angiosperms?
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To attract polinaters.
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Two main characteristics that identify these plants are broad, flat leaves and fruit and flowers (at some point during the year).
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Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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The evaporation of water out of plants.
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Transpiration
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Openings on the leaves of plants through which water evaporates.
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Stomata (singular, stoma)
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Cells around each stoma which control whether it is opened or not.
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guard cells
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This process describes the alternation of plants between diploid and haploid forms/generations.
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Alternation of Generations
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The gametophyte generation of the plant is _______ (describes the # of chromosomes).
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Haploid
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The sporophyte generation of a plant is ________ (describes the # of chromosomes).
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Diploid
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Plants in the sporophyte generation produce ________.
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spores
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Plants in the gametophyte generation produce __________.
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gametes
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Give two differences between spores and gametes.
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1 - Spores can become a new plant all by themselves.
2 - Spores have tough, resistant coats. |
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Mitosis _________ the # of chromosomes the _________, but meiosis _________ the #.
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keeps, same, halves
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An example of a bryophyte other than a moss.
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Liverwort
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The dominant generation in pterophytes is _____________.
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sporophyte
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A baby fern is known as a _____________.
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fiddlehead
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Gymnosperms produce their seeds on ________.
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cones
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An example of Chinese gymnosperm with only one species is the __________.
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ginkgo
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Where are the eggs found on a fern?
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On the back of the fronds.
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Female cones contain __________ while male cones contain _________.
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ovules (which make eggs), pollen (which make sperm)
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The dominant generation of a bryophyte is ___________.
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gametophyte
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The dominant generation of a gymnosperm is ______________.
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sporophyte
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Angiosperms are in Division "Anthophyta", which literally means __________.
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flower plant
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The dominant generation of angiosperms is _______________.
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sporophyte
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Where do angiosperms develop their seeds?
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Inside their fruit.
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Monocots have embryos with only one ___________.
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cotyledon (a seed leaf)
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Dicots have flowers with either ____ - part symmetry or _____ - part symmetry.
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4, 5
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The leaf veins of a monocot are ___________.
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parallel
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Dicots have _______ cotyledons.
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2
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Monocots have a flower with _____ - part symmetry.
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3
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The leaf veins of dicots are ________.
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netlike/branching
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All the petals of a flower make up the ___________.
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corolla
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Green, leaf-like structures circling underneath the petals. Before blooming, they make up the bud of the flower.
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sepals
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All of the sepals of a flower make up the _________.
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calyx
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The calyx and the corolla together make up the
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perianth
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The ________ is the male reproductive structure of a flower.
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stamen
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The ________ is the female reproductive structure of a flower.
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pistil
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Another name for the pistil is the _________.
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carpel
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The stamen is made up of the ______ and the _______.
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anther, filament
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The anthers of a stamen make the _________ which contains the plant's __________.
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pollen, sperm
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The three parts of the carpel are the ________, __________, and _________.
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stigma, style, ovary
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Why does the stigma of the flower look sticky?
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The stigma is sticky to allow the pollen to stick to it.
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The ovary makes _______, which contains the plant's _________.
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ovules, eggs
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What is the first step of angiosperm reproduction?
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pollination
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How does the sperm from the pollen grain reach the ovary after it has landed on the stigma of the plant?
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The pollen grain grows a pollen tube, which extends through the style down to the ovary, and sends sperm through it.
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How many sperm are sent down the pollen tube into an ovule and why?
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2 sperm are sent down the pollen tube; one to fertilize the egg inside an ovule, the second fertilizes the diploid central cell of the ovule.
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What does the diploid central cell become after it is fertilized by a sperm and has grown?
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It becomes the endosperm of the seed.
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What are the two parts of a seed?
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The endosperm and the embryo.
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What does the ovary of the plant become after a seed is produced?
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A fruit
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What is the purpose of a fruit in relation to the seeds?
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The fruit both protects the seeds and aids their dispersal.
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____________ is when the seed is released from the fruit and begins to develop into a new plant.
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Germination
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Give 4 advantages of using seeds to reproduce.
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1 - Seeds provide a protective coat for the embryo.
2 - Seeds provide the embryo with endosperm (which is a food supply). 3 - Seeds usually have adaptations that help to spread them around (so all the same plants don't grow in the same area). 4 - Seed plants do not need water for fertilization. |
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How does the sperm reach the egg in conifers?
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The wind blows the pollen grains to the female cones, which have eggs.
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How does the sperm reach the egg in angiosperms?
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The sperm inside the pollen grain travels to the pistil through insects and other animal pollinators.
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Growth responses that cause parts of a plant to grow towards or away from a stimulus are called _____________.
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tropisms
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Plants that grow towards water are exhibiting ___________.
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hydrotropism
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When a plant grows towards a stimulus, it is known as a _________ tropism.
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positive
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A plant's response to chemicals is known as _______________.
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chemotropism
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When a plant grows away from a stimulus, it is known as a _________ tropism.
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negative
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A plant hormone that causes cell elongation is known as __________.
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auxin
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A plant's response to light is known as _____________.
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phototropism
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A plant's response to gravity is known as ___________.
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geotropism/gravitropism
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When a plant detects day length to time seasonal activities, it is displaying ____________.
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photoperiodism
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What do plants use to detect day length?
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Pigments called pytochromes.
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A plant's response to touch is known as ______________.
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thigmotropism
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_________ is a hormone that stimulates fruit ripening in a plant and causes leaves to drop.
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etylene
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In roots, auxins cause roots to ____________.
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bend down
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A chemical that hardens the plant's cell walls is known as ________.
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lignin
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Roots and leaves of a plant are to the heart and the lungs of a human. Therefore, roots and leaves of a plant are ____________.
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organs (of a plant)
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The xylem transports things ________.
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upwards
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The phloem transports things _____________.
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down
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The xylem transports _______ and _______________ upwards from the roots into the shoots.
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water, dissolved minerals
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The phloem transports __________ made in the leaves down to the roots and other parts of the plant.
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food
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The 2 parts of an embryo that become the stem are __________ and _____________.
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The epicotyl and the hypocotyl.
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The part of the embryo that becomes the roots is the _________.
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radicle
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The plant structure underneath the sepals is known as _____________.
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The pedicel
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Which layer of a plant's leaves absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?
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The palisade mesophyll (layer).
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The _____________________ has spaces in between to allow for gas exchange.
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spongy mesophyll (layer)
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The ________ of a plant is right underneath the cuticle.
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epidermis
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Another function of the spongy mesophyll cells is to:
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cushion the vein, which contains xylem and phloem.
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A plant hormone that can cause a plant to grow very tall and spindly when encountered in excess is called _______________.
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gibberellins
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What would the environment outside a plant have to be like in order to cause a plant to flex it's guard cells and open it's stomata?
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humid
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Why would the guard cells close the stomata in dry conditoins?
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To prevent water loss.
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