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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sigmund Freud
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-Moved with family to Vienna, Austria at age of 4
-Went to medical school, set up his own practice specializing in nervous disorders -Noticed that his patients' symptoms weren't explainable in neurological, but psychological causes |
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Conscious
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-Hold what you're currently aware of
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Preconscious
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-Represents ordinary memory
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Unconscious
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-Most important part,according to Freud
-Not directly accessible to awareness -Store house for unacceptable urge/feelings/wishes -urge has influence on later actions |
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Iceberg Analogy
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Ego is the smallest part, fully accessible
Superego, outside of awareness, but is accessible Id, unconscious mind that is not accessible |
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Id
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-Only component present at birth
-contains basic drives to survive,reproduce,and act aggressively -pleasure principle - all needs satisfied immediately -operates completely in the unconscious |
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Ego
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-Makes sure the id impulses are expressed in effective/realistic ways
-functions mainly in the conscious and preconscious world |
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Superego
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-Last component of personality to develop
-Represents our values or conscience -tells us how we should behave -strives for perfection -ego mediates between impulses of id and the idealistic demands of superego |
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Reality principle
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-Behavior must take into account the outside world,in addition to the urges/needs inside
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Pleasure Principle
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- All needs satisfied immediately
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Psychosexual Stages
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-proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed stages.
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Oral Stage
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-Mouth is a source of tension reduction/pleasurable sensation
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Anal Stage
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-Major event is toilet training
-Children must learn that there is an appropriate time and place for everything |
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Phallic Stage
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-Children develop hostility, jealousy, and hatred toward the same-sex parent due to competition over affection of other parent
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Latency Stage
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-Lessening of sexual and aggressive urges
-Children turn to other pursuits, often intellectual/social in nature -A time of broadening experiences, rather than confronting new conflicts |
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Genital Stage
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- Earlier attachments were narcissistic, in this stage there is a desire to share mutual sexual gratification with someone else
-Person becomes capable of loving others not only for selfish reasons, but also for altruistic reasons |
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Oedipus (Electra) Complex -Phallic stage
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- Children develop unconscious sexual desires for their opposite-sex parent
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Castration Anxiety
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-Competitiveness / jealously can become so extreme that he wants father out of family/dead
-Boy afraid of being castrated by father -Causes boy to bury sexual desires for mother in unconscious min -Start to identify father for protection |
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Fixation
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-Unresolved conflicts that can surface as behaviors in adult years
-Child confronts a conflict at each of the first 3 psychological stages ex: oral stage:preoccupied with food/drink |
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Defense Mechanisms
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-Tactics that ego develops to help it deal with anxiety gain from id/superego fighting
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Repression
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-The process of keeping anxiety-inducing thoughts, feelings, and memories out of consciousness, particularly unacceptable id impulses
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Regression
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-When anxiety causes people to use coping strategies that reflect the stages in which they are fixated
ex: oral stage- smoke more cigs |
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Reaction Formation
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-To guard against the release of an unacceptable impulse, we emphasize the opposite of that impulse
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Projection
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-Anxiety is reduced by attributing your own unacceptable impulses, wishes, and desires to someone else
-Provides a way to hide your knowledge of an unacceptable aspect of yourself |
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Displacement
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-Shifting an impulse from one target to another target that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feeling
-Subbing a less threatening target for the original to reduce anxiety |
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Rationalization
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-According to Freud when people are not able to deal with the reasons they behave in particular ways, they protect themselves by creating self-justifying explanations for their behaviors.
-defensive mechanism |
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Denial
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defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously rejects thoughts, feelings, needs, wishes, or external realities that they would not be able to deal with if they got into the conscious mind.
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Projective Tests
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-Present an ambiguous stimulus
-Test-taker describes or tells a story about it -The stimulus has no significance in itself, so any meaning people read into it presumably is a projection of their own interest/conflicts |
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Thematic Apperception Test
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-A series of ambiguous picture are presented
-Subject asked to write story of each picture -story describe what's happening including characters thoughts/feelings/relationship with one another -Subject should identify with the main character of the picture and the feeling reflect on the subjects own feelings about himself |
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Rorschach Inkblot test
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-Subject views a set of 10 inkblots and tells examiner what they see
-what subject sees reflects on their inner feelings/conflicts -subject describes what she sees in each ink blot as a whole or part of it |
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Abraham Maslow
-Self-Actualizing Person |
-Proposed that people work toward satisfying a series of needs leading to the ultimate goal of self-actualization- the process of fulfilling our potential
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Carl Rogers
-Person-Centered Perspective |
-People are basically good and strive to self-actualize
-Promote growth in 3 ways, Genuine, Accepting, Empathic -Self-concept, if we have positive self-concept, we ten to act and perceive the world positively -if negative self-concept, we feel dissatisfied and unhappy -Goal for us in relationships should be to help others know,accept, and be true to themselves |
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Eysencks' Basic Personality Dimension
-Hans & Sybil Eysenck |
-Personality characteristics can be reduced down to two dimensions
Extraversion dimension-sociability,craving for excitement,activeness, dominance Emotional Stability dimension-moodiness, anxiety, depression |
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Personality Inventories
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-Long questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors
-Designed to assess several traits at once MMPI most famous |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)
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-550 True-false items measuring abnormality in personality
-first collected thousand self descriptive statements -responses are T/F/Cannot Say |
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The Big Five Factors - Conscientiousness
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Way we control and direct impulses
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The Big Five Factors - Agreeableness
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-Reflects a person's concern with cooperation and social harmony
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The Big Five Factors- Neuroticism
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-Tendency to experience negative feelings
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The Big Five Factors- Openness
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-Openness to experience
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The Big Five Factors - Extraversion
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-The degree to which a person engages the outside world
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Reciprocal Determinism
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The interacting influences between our cognition, behavior, and environmental factors
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Locus of Control
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Personal - Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helplessness
Internal - perception that one controls one's fate External - Perception that chance or outside forces beyond one'es personal control determine one's fate |
