Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Renaissance was a period of ______________.
|
commercial, financial, political, and cultural achievement
|
|
How many phases did the Renaissance consist of, and when were they?
|
Two; 1050-1300 and 1300-1600
|
|
Who led the Renaissance revival, specifically?
|
Northern Italian cities, esp. Venice, Genoa, and Milan.
|
|
What was the significance of Venice's improvement to shipbuilding?
|
Enhanced trade
|
|
Which city is associated with a huge merchant marine?
|
Venice
|
|
Which cities acted as the crossroads between northern Europe and the East?
|
Venice, Genoa, and Milan
|
|
Where did the first artistic and literary flowerings of the Renaissance appear?
|
Florence
|
|
Who dominated European banking?
|
Florentine mercantile families
|
|
What is the significance of the Florentine wool industry?
|
Fueled population increase and financial expansion
|
|
What was a major factor of Florence's population increase and financial expansion
|
Their wool industry
|
|
Which cities were communes?
|
Northern Italian cities
|
|
Communes are ___________________.
|
associations of free men seeking independence from the local lords.
|
|
Why were nobles attracted to communes?
|
Opportunities
|
|
What formed the urban nobility (class)?
|
Marriage of nobles who settled within cities and members of urban mercantile class.
|
|
Which class did the popolo consist of?
|
The middle class
|
|
What caused the formation of the popolo?
|
Their exclusion from power
|
|
What occurred as a result of the failure republican governments established by the popolo?
|
Rule of signori or oligarchs
|
|
Signori
|
Rule of despots, or one man rule.
|
|
Princely courts
|
15th century centers wealth and art
|
|
Examples of city-states in Northern Italy
|
Milan, Venice, and Florence
|
|
Central Italy consisted mainly of _________________.
|
the Papal States
|
|
Southern Italy consisted mainly of ___________________.
|
the kingdom of Naples
|
|
After 1494, Italy = _________________
|
European battleground
|
|
What prevented centralization of Italy?
|
Political and economic competition between the city-states.
|
|
What led to the creation of permanent ambassadors?
|
Shifting alliances among the city-states.
|
|
Who was Petrarch?
|
14th century poet and humanist; first "Renaissance man"
|
|
Who were the first to witness the emerging of a "new golden era"
|
Men of letters
|
|
Individualism
|
Belief in and focus on individual will and genius
|
|
Humanism
|
Study of human beings and human nature through the revival of Roman classics
|
|
What was the major belief of Pico della Mirandola?
|
There were no limits to what humans could accomplish.
|
|
Which was considered superior: ancient Latin style or medieval Latin?
|
Ancient Latin style
|
|
Secularism
|
Materialism over religion - concern with money and pleasure
|
|
Lorenzo Valla
|
Wrote On Pleasure to defend pleasure of the senses as the highest good.
|
|
Boccaccio
|
Wrote Decameron which portrayed an acquisitive and worldly society.
|
|
What did the church do in response to secularism?
|
Gave up - did little to combat it
|
|
When was the quattrocento?
|
1400s
|
|
When was the cinquecento?
|
1500s
|
|
Who commissioned early Renaissance art?
|
Urban groups.
|
|
How did art change throughout the Renaissance?
|
More realistic, extremely less realistic, more color, more for elite, more secular and focused of classical topics
|
|
Who commissioned later 15th century art and why?
|
Individuals and oligarchs as means for self-glorification
|
|
How did the spendings of wealthy change throughout the Renaissance?
|
Spent less of warfare, and more of art and architecture
|
|
How the homes of wealthy change throughout the Renaissance?
|
Rooms other than the bed chambers became the focus - houses became elaborate with occasional private chapel.
|
|
What specific genre of art developed?
|
The individual portrait
|
|
Significance of Donatello and Michelangelo
|
Glorified human body through art (sculptors)
|
|
Significance of Brunelleschi and della Francesca
|
Pioneered use of perspective in painting
|
|
How did the status of the artist change during the Renaissance?
|
Improved, most work done by commission of princes. Creativity was rewarded.
|
|
Who did the Renaissance affect?
|
Very small group of elite, did not affect middle class or the urban working class
|
|
Focus of humanists pertaining to education
|
Training rulers and moral behavior
|
|
What did Vergerio's treatise stress?
|
The teaching of history, ethics, and rhetoric (public speaking)
|
|
What did The Courtier describe?
|
The model Renaissance gentleman as a man of many talents, including intellectual and artistic skills. Written by Castiglione.
|
|
What did Machiavelli's The Prince describe?
|
How to acquire, maintain, and increase political power - by any means
|
|
Who invented the first movable type?
|
Mid-1400s; Gutenberg, Fust, and Schöffer
|
|
What was the significance of the invention of printing?
|
Making propaganda possible, encouraged a wider common identity, and improved literacy
|
|
Why were clocks important?
|
For understanding and controlling urban-economic life
|
|
What were the roles of most women?
|
Most married and were responsible for domestic affairs, and frequently worked outside the home.
|
|
Where did women work outside the home?
|
In ship building, textiles, agriculture, as well as midwives and servants
|
|
How did the status of upper class women change during the Renaissance?
|
It declined
|
|
What were women expected to use their education for?
|
To run a household
|
|
How to sex crimes change during the Renaissance?
|
Still went unpunished, but fewer cases occurred
|
|
Homosexual practice during the Renaissance
|
Common, occurred particularly based on relationship between men and boys.
|
|
From what did the homosexual activity of the Renaissance derive?
|
Social-community needs of men
|
|
Which group was commonly enslaved in eastern Europe?
|
The Slavic - Germans and others enslaved and/or sold Polish and Bohemian people.
|
|
When did black slaved begin to be brought into Europe in large numbers?
|
15th century
|
|
How did black slavery in Europe compare to black slavery in America?
|
Much less harsh
|
|
What role did some black African rulers play in black enslavement?
|
Many adopted European lifestyles and sold their black people into slavery
|
|
Were Africans considered biracial?
|
Yes
|
|
What positions did black slaves and freemen fill?
|
A variety - laborers, musicians, dancers, etc.
|
|
What were blacks a sign of in the Renaissance?
|
Wealth
|
|
What was Europe's attitude towards blacks?
|
Ambivalent - blackness symbolized both evil and humility
|
|
When did the Renaissance begin in Northern Italy?
|
Last quarter of the 15th century
|
|
What was the major characteristic of the Northern Italian Renaissance?
|
Social reform based on Christian ideals
|
|
What was the goal of Christian humanists?
|
Create a more perfect world by combining the best elements of classical and Christian cultures
|
|
What did Lefèvre and humanists like him believe in?
|
The use of the Bible among common people
|
|
Utopia
|
Written by Thomas More; believed society, not people, needed improving.
|
|
Who best represented Christian humanism?
|
Erasmus; emphasis on education as the key to a moral and intellectual improvement and inner Christianity.
|
|
Rabelais
|
French humanist who wrote very secular stories and believed that institutions molded individuals and that education was the key to moral life.
|
|
What were the adventures of Gargantua and Pantagruel spoofs on?
|
French social life
|
|
How did Northern Italian art differ from Southern Italian art?
|
More religious with less focus of classical themes
|
|
Examples of Northern Italian artists
|
Van Eyck - painter, and Bosch, who used religion and folk legends as themes
|
|
When did the process of order through centralization of power begin?
|
15th century
|
|
What was the result of attempts at centralization?
|
The rise of many powerful and ruthless rulers interested in the centralization of power and the elimination of disorder and violence.
|
|
Who were three rulers who exemplified Machiavelli's The Prince?
|
Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
|
|
What became the new focus/theme of monarchs during the 15th century?
|
Strong sense of royal authority and national purpose
|
|
Who led France's recovery after the Hundred Years' War?
|
Charles VII
|
|
What did Charles VII do to help France recover from the Hundred Years' War?
|
Expelled the English, reorganized the royal council, strengthened royal finances, reformed the justice system, remodeled the army, and made church subject to the state
|
|
What was Louis XI's significance to France?
|
Expanded the French state and laid the foundations of later French absolutism
|
|
War of the Roses
|
Civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster
|
|
Significance of the War of Roses
|
Hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry
|
|
What did Edward IV and his followers do?
|
Began to restore royal power, avoided expensive war, and reduced their reliance on Parliament for funds
|
|
How did Henry VIII change the role of Parliament?
|
Went from central power of aristocracy to a tool of the king
|
|
What did Henry VIII create to check the power of the aristocracy?
|
court of Star Chamber
|
|
How did Henry VIII and his successors win the support of the middle class?
|
Promoting their interest in money, trade, and stability
|
|
What was the goal of the centuries long reconquista?
|
Unite Spain and expel Muslims and Jews
|
|
What did the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella represent?
|
The last major step in the unification and Christianization of Spain
|
|
Who did Ferdinand and Isabella use to enforce royal justice?
|
Hermandades - local police forces
|
|
What did Ferdinand and Isabella recreate to curb aristocratic power?
|
The royal council
|
|
What did Ferdinand and Isabella use along with the royal council to strengthen royal power?
|
The church
|
|
Why did many Jews remain in Spain after the reconquista?
|
They aided royal power
|
|
What were the roles of Jews in post-reconquista Spain?
|
Professionals, scape-goats for the Black Death, reason to revive the Inquisition
|
|
What were conversos?
|
Jews converted to Christianity
|
|
Why did Spanish Christians reject conversos?
|
On the basis of race- and out of fear of conversos taking over public offices
|