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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Information highway Contains ascending tracts and descending tracts |
Spinal cord |
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The spinal cord is segmented into four sections |
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral |
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Spinal cord ends around L1 |
Conus medullaris |
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Horses tail Bundle of nerve roots |
Cauda equina |
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Formed by pia mater Anchors spinal cord to coccyx |
Film terminale |
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Connective tissue coverings of brain and spinal cord |
Meninges |
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Mater of meninges in order outside to inside |
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater |
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Meninges space in order outside to inside |
1. Epidural space 2. Subdural space 3. Subarachnoid space |
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Carries sensory information |
Dorsal root |
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Carries sensory information |
Dorsal root |
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Carries motor information |
Ventral root |
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Dorsal root + ventral root = |
Spinal nerves |
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Another name for dorsal root ganglion |
Spinal ganglion |
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Another name for dorsal root ganglion |
Spinal ganglion |
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Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS |
Ganglion |
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Another name for dorsal root ganglion |
Spinal ganglion |
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Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS |
Ganglion |
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Contains or is made up of the cell bodies of sensory neurons |
Dorsal root ganglion |
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Another name for dorsal root ganglion |
Spinal ganglion |
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Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS |
Ganglion |
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Contains or is made up of the cell bodies of sensory neurons |
Dorsal root ganglion |
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Continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves |
Dura mater |
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Thin and whispy |
Arachnoid mater |
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Cell bodies, dendrites, unmylinated axons and interneurons |
Gray matter of spinal cord |
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Gray matters looks like |
A butterfly or the letter H |
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Another name for dorsal is |
Posterior |
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Another name for dorsal is |
Posterior |
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Another name for ventral |
Anterior |
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Another name for dorsal is |
Posterior |
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Another name for ventral |
Anterior |
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Made up of axons of sensory neurons |
Dorsal horn |
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Another name for dorsal is |
Posterior |
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Another name for ventral |
Anterior |
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Made up of axons of sensory neurons |
Dorsal horn |
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Made up of cell bodies |
Dorsal root ganglion |
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Another name for dorsal is |
Posterior |
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Another name for ventral |
Anterior |
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Made up of axons of sensory neurons |
Dorsal horn |
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Made up of cell bodies |
Dorsal root ganglion |
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Contains cell bodies of motor neurons of the somatic motor nervous system |
Ventral horn |
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Another name for dorsal is |
Posterior |
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Another name for ventral |
Anterior |
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Made up of axons of sensory neurons |
Dorsal horn |
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Made up of cell bodies |
Dorsal root ganglion |
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Contains cell bodies of motor neurons of the somatic motor nervous system Effectors: skeletal muscles |
Ventral horn |
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Contains the cell bodies of the motor neurons belonging to the autonomic nervous system Effectors: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
Lateral horn |
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Makes up spinal tract |
White matter |
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Two motor neurons of somatic nervous system |
1. Upper motor neuron 2. Lower motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Upper motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from spinal cord to effector Effector=skeletal muscle |
Lower motor neuron |
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Example of descending tract |
Corticospinal tract |
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Carries motor information concerning precise, coordinating movement of limbs involving skeletal muscles |
Corticospinal tract |
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Crossing over of information to opposite side Both sensory and motor information do this |
Decussation |
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Decussate within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata |
Descending tracts |
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Decussation occurs in the lower regions of the spinal cord |
Ascending tracts |
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Innerates the anterior and later skin and muscle of the trunk |
Anterior ramus |
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Bundles of axons in the CNS |
White matter |
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Another name for ascending |
Sensory |
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Another name for descending |
Motor |
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Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain |
White matter of the spinal cord |
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Three neurons required with white matter of the spinal cord |
1. Sensory receptor to spinal cord 2. Spinal cord to thalamus 3. Thalamus to cerebral cortex |
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Almost all sensory information goes through here before reaching the cerebral cortex Major sensory relay station Gatekeeper of the cerebral cortex |
Thalamus |
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Example of ascending tract |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carries sensory information related to tickle, touch, pain, temperature, pressure and itch |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carry motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Descending tract |
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Makes up spinal tract |
White matter |
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Two motor neurons of somatic nervous system |
1. Upper motor neuron 2. Lower motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Upper motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from spinal cord to effector Effector=skeletal muscle |
Lower motor neuron |
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Example of descending tract |
Corticospinal tract |
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Carries motor information concerning precise, coordinating movement of limbs involving skeletal muscles |
Corticospinal tract |
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Crossing over of information to opposite side Both sensory and motor information do this |
Decussation |
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Decussate within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata |
Descending tracts |
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Decussation occurs in the lower regions of the spinal cord |
Ascending tracts |
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Innerates the anterior and later skin and muscle of the trunk |
Anterior ramus |
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Phrenic nerve |
Cervical plexus |
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Bundles of axons in the CNS |
White matter |
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Another name for ascending |
Sensory |
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Another name for descending |
Motor |
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Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain |
White matter of the spinal cord |
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Three neurons required with white matter of the spinal cord |
1. Sensory receptor to spinal cord 2. Spinal cord to thalamus 3. Thalamus to cerebral cortex |
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Almost all sensory information goes through here before reaching the cerebral cortex Major sensory relay station Gatekeeper of the cerebral cortex |
Thalamus |
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Example of ascending tract |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carries sensory information related to tickle, touch, pain, temperature, pressure and itch |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carry motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Descending tract |
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Makes up spinal tract |
White matter |
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Two motor neurons of somatic nervous system |
1. Upper motor neuron 2. Lower motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Upper motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from spinal cord to effector Effector=skeletal muscle |
Lower motor neuron |
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Example of descending tract |
Corticospinal tract |
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Carries motor information concerning precise, coordinating movement of limbs involving skeletal muscles |
Corticospinal tract |
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Crossing over of information to opposite side Both sensory and motor information do this |
Decussation |
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Decussate within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata |
Descending tracts |
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Decussation occurs in the lower regions of the spinal cord |
Ascending tracts |
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Innerates the anterior and later skin and muscle of the trunk |
Anterior ramus |
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Phrenic nerve |
Cervical plexus |
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Bundles of axons in the CNS |
White matter |
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Brachial plexus |
Median nerve |
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Another name for ascending |
Sensory |
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Another name for descending |
Motor |
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Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain |
White matter of the spinal cord |
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Three neurons required with white matter of the spinal cord |
1. Sensory receptor to spinal cord 2. Spinal cord to thalamus 3. Thalamus to cerebral cortex |
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Almost all sensory information goes through here before reaching the cerebral cortex Major sensory relay station Gatekeeper of the cerebral cortex |
Thalamus |
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Example of ascending tract |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carries sensory information related to tickle, touch, pain, temperature, pressure and itch |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carry motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Descending tract |
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Makes up spinal tract |
White matter |
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Two motor neurons of somatic nervous system |
1. Upper motor neuron 2. Lower motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Upper motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from spinal cord to effector Effector=skeletal muscle |
Lower motor neuron |
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Example of descending tract |
Corticospinal tract |
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Carries motor information concerning precise, coordinating movement of limbs involving skeletal muscles |
Corticospinal tract |
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Crossing over of information to opposite side Both sensory and motor information do this |
Decussation |
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Decussate within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata |
Descending tracts |
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Decussation occurs in the lower regions of the spinal cord |
Ascending tracts |
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Innerates the anterior and later skin and muscle of the trunk |
Anterior ramus |
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Phrenic nerve |
Cervical plexus |
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Bundles of axons in the CNS |
White matter |
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Brachial plexus |
Median nerve |
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Lumbar plexus |
Abdominal wall, thigh, genitalia |
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Another name for ascending |
Sensory |
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Another name for descending |
Motor |
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Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain |
White matter of the spinal cord |
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Three neurons required with white matter of the spinal cord |
1. Sensory receptor to spinal cord 2. Spinal cord to thalamus 3. Thalamus to cerebral cortex |
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Almost all sensory information goes through here before reaching the cerebral cortex Major sensory relay station Gatekeeper of the cerebral cortex |
Thalamus |
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Example of ascending tract |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carries sensory information related to tickle, touch, pain, temperature, pressure and itch |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carry motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Descending tract |
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Makes up spinal tract |
White matter |
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Two motor neurons of somatic nervous system |
1. Upper motor neuron 2. Lower motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Upper motor neuron |
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Carries motor information from spinal cord to effector Effector=skeletal muscle |
Lower motor neuron |
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Example of descending tract |
Corticospinal tract |
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Carries motor information concerning precise, coordinating movement of limbs involving skeletal muscles |
Corticospinal tract |
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Crossing over of information to opposite side Both sensory and motor information do this |
Decussation |
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Decussate within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata |
Descending tracts |
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Decussation occurs in the lower regions of the spinal cord |
Ascending tracts |
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Innerates the anterior and later skin and muscle of the trunk |
Anterior ramus |
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Phrenic nerve |
Cervical plexus |
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Bundles of axons in the CNS |
White matter |
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Brachial plexus |
Median nerve |
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Lumbar plexus |
Abdominal wall, thigh, genitalia |
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Sacral plexus |
Lower trunk |
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Another name for ascending |
Sensory |
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Another name for descending |
Motor |
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Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain |
White matter of the spinal cord |
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Three neurons required with white matter of the spinal cord |
1. Sensory receptor to spinal cord 2. Spinal cord to thalamus 3. Thalamus to cerebral cortex |
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Almost all sensory information goes through here before reaching the cerebral cortex Major sensory relay station Gatekeeper of the cerebral cortex |
Thalamus |
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Example of ascending tract |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carries sensory information related to tickle, touch, pain, temperature, pressure and itch |
Spinothalamic tract |
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Carry motor information from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord |
Descending tract |
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Area of skin that receives sensory input from pair of spinal nerves |
Dermatome |
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Basic response of nervous system Same way over and over Quick, involuntary, autonomic |
Reflexes |
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For properties of reflexes |
Stimulation Quick Involuntary Stereotyped |
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Sensory arch |
Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Interneuron (optional) Motor neurons Effectors (muscle and glands) |
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Maintain balance and posture |
Stretch reflex |
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Take hand off of stove |
Withdrawal reflex |
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Extension of lower leg |
Knee jerk (pateller reflex) |
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Extension of lower leg |
Knee jerk (pateller reflex) |
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Fanning of toes of child two years old or younger |
Babinski reflex |
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How do you classify reflexes |
1. Number of neurons 2. Effector 3. Based on where it is centered |
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How many motor neurons are required to go from the spinal cord to the effector in the SMNS? |
One |
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Functions without conscious effort |
Autonomic nervous system |
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Effectors of ANS |
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
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Two motor neurons that are required to go from the spinal cord to the effector |
Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron |
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Ganglia of the ANS will be the cell bodies of the |
Postganglionic neurons |
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Ganglia of the ANS will be the cell bodies of the |
Postganglionic neurons |
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Neuron before first synapse |
Preganglionic neuron |
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Ganglia of the ANS will be the cell bodies of the |
Postganglionic neurons |
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Neuron before first synapse |
Preganglionic neuron |
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Neuron after first synapse |
Postganglionic neuron |
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Clusters of cell bodies in PNS |
Glia |
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All preganglionic release |
ACh |
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Postganglionic release |
ACh or norepinephrine |
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Another name for sympathetic nervous system |
Throacolumbar division |
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Another name for sympathetic nervous system |
Throacolumbar division |
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The cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the |
Lateral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord between the thoracic and lumbar regions |
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The preganglionic neurons (axons) of the sympathetic nervous system are |
Short |
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The postganglionic neurons (axons) of the sympathetic nervous system are |
Long |
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What are the ganglia called? |
Sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia |
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What are the ganglia called? |
Sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia |
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What are the other names for sympathetic chain ganglia |
Sympathetic trunk, autonomic ganglia and paravertebral ganglia |
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What does the paravertebral ganglia look like and how many pairs make up it |
Looks like a ladder and is made up of 22 pairs of ganglia |
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What does the paravertebral ganglia look like and how many pairs make up it |
Looks like a ladder and is made up of 22 pairs of ganglia |
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What is the other name for collateral ganglia |
Prevertebral ganglia |
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What does the paravertebral ganglia look like and how many pairs make up it |
Looks like a ladder and is made up of 22 pairs of ganglia |
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What is the other name for collateral ganglia |
Prevertebral ganglia |
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Where is the prevertebral ganglia located |
Infront of the spinal cords near the abdominal arteries |
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What does the paravertebral ganglia look like and how many pairs make up it |
Looks like a ladder and is made up of 22 pairs of ganglia |
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What is the other name for collateral ganglia |
Prevertebral ganglia |
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Where is the prevertebral ganglia located |
Infront of the spinal cords near the abdominal arteries |
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Only two exceptions that are singly intervertated |
Adrenal glands and blood vessels of the skin |
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Most postganglionic neurons of the SNS release norepinephrine. The exceptions are |
Sweat glands and certain blood vessels. They release ACh |
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Another name for parasympathetic nervous system |
Craniosacral division |
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Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurons located |
In the brain stem and the lateral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord in the sacral region |
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In the PNS preganglionic neurons are |
Long |
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In the PNS preganglionic neurons are |
Long |
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In the PNS postganglionic neurons are |
Short |
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What are the ganglia in the PNS called |
Terminal ganglia |
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The two cholinergic receptors are |
Nicotinic and muscarinic |
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When ACh binds to a nicotinic receptor it is always |
Excitatory |
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Alpha |
Usually excitatory |
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Alpha |
Usually excitatory |
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Beta |
Usually inhibitory but depends on effector |
