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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous System (CNS) |
Brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
Cranial and spinal nerves that are out in the body |
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Spinal Reflexes |
Rapid, automatic responses triggered by a specific stimuli; controlled at the spinal cord level (brain of involved but will be informed of event) |
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There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
8 Cervical spinal Nerves 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Cocalgeal |
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Cauda Equina |
Horse tail |
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3 meninges |
1. Dura mater- (hard mother) outermost layer - epidural space: a top dura matter and thus just below. 2. Arachnoid mater (spider mother)- middle layer of menings -Beneath it is the subarachroid spacewhich is filled with CSF for shock absorption and gas exchanged. This is the area of lumbar puncture to get CSF 3. Pia Mater (soft mother) -innermost layer - Firmily attached to spinal cord |
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Epidural Block |
The placement of anesthesia into the epidural space. It affects only those spinal nerves in the immediate area. This is an easier procedure from the Lumber level and distally as the epidural space is wider. Used in the lumber or sacral (caudal block) to anesthetize the lower lumbar abdominal and perineal structures to assist in labor/delivery. |
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Meningitis |
the etiology is either bacteria or virus. The results if inflammation of the meninges that may distrupt circulation or CSF to damage neuroglia, may result in spinal meningitis, cerebal meningitis, or both |
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Is gray Mater myelinated? |
No, its unmyelinated |
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nuclei |
functional collection of neural cell bodies |
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Dorsal Rami |
Sensory Nerves that receive information from the body relax information from the body and relax information to brain. |
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ventral rami |
motor nerves that issue commands to effectors (muscles/glands) of PNS |
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3 Horns of the Spinal Cords gray mater |
1. Posterior gray: Contains somatic & visceral sensory 2. Anterior gray: contains somatic motor nuclei 3. Lateral gray: contains Visceral motor nuclei |
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3 spinal cord white mater |
1. posterior White Column 2. Lateral White Column 3. Anterior White Column |
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Columns |
Contain tracts (fascicles or bundles) of axons that run up and down to brain |
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Why is gray mater gray and white mater white? |
Gray matter is neurons without myelin an white matter is neuron with myelin. Myeline is a lipid (fat) that gives the white appearance as it wraps around the neuron. without the myelin there is a part of the neuron called a Nissl body that is gray and its color is now seen |
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Why is the spinal nerve called a mixed nerve? |
both sensory and motor nerve so thats why its called a mixed nerve |
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The Thoracic Region there are 4 branches or Rami of the motor nerve |
1. first branch off it (rami) goes to the near- by sympathetic ganglia (neuron cell body) which is part of sympathetic nervous system - the above branch is myelined and known as white rami 2&3 second and third branches (mixed) -dorsal ramus -ventral ramus 4th branch:Gray ramil |
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4 major nerve plexes |
1. Cervical plexus-innervate from neck to diaphragm 2.brachial plexus-Shoulder girdle and upper limb 3. lumbar plexus - genitofemoral nerve to groin and femor regons 4. sacral plexus-sciatic nerve |
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The number of motor? sensory? interneurons? |
half a million 10 million 20 billion |
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interneuron |
an association neuron; central nervous system neurons that are between sensory and motor neurons |
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what is the importance of reflex? |
for protection like if something is hot and you move hand away |
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patellar reflex |
neurohammer taps patellar tendon quadricepts stretched and resond by rapid constraction lower leg extends |
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muscle spindles |
(sensory receptor stretch) has specialized skeletl muscle fibers |
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UMN LMN |
Upper motor neuron- brain Lower motor neuron-below brain |
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what percentage or neural tissue exists in the brain? |
97% |
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on cerebrum |
-has 2 hemispheres (right and left) -Gray matter outside and white matter inside -2 lobes -central sulcus-divides frontal parietal lobes -basal nuclei- island of gray matter found deep in cerebrum -corpus collosum- interral structure that units 2 cerebral hemispheres |
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precentral gyrus |
primary motor cortex just anterior to sulcus |
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postcentral gyrus |
primary sensory cortex posterior to sulcus |
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the cerebellums main function is? |
coordination of somatic (body) motor patterns such as balance |
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the diencephalon is comprised of? |
Thalamus and hypothalamus |
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thalamus |
a relaying and processing station of sensory data headed for the cerebrum |
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hypothalamus |
center for emotions |
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what does the pituitary gland hang from? |
the hypothalamus by the infundibulum |
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the brainstem is the more primitive portion of the brain and is comprised of ? |
-mesencephalon (midbrian) -pons -medulla oblongata |
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The medulla is the center for autonomic control of |
-cardiovascular system -vasomotor -respiratory -digestive system |
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ataxia |
disturbance of motor coordination |
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there are 4 ventricles within the brain that contain csf and eventually connect to the central canal of the spinal cord |
front of card only |
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the place where csf exists in the body are? |
-ventricles -the central canal -subarachnoid space |
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limbic system |
a vague area of the brain which provides motivation |
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3 brain sulcus |
-central -lateral -parieto- occipital |
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association fibers |
interconnect neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere |
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commissural fibers |
cross and thus allow communication between two hemispheres |
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projection fibers |
link cerebral cortex to lower regions (brain stem,spinal cord etc.) |
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basal nuclei |
deep islands of gray matter that directs many sensory and motor activities at subconscious level |
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which lobes contain the gustatorial |
-Frontal- which lobes contain auditory -temporal-which lobes contain olfactory & visual cortex -occipital |
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The association areas are located in all the lobes and interprets information coming to the primary sensory cortex (ex. degree of pressure visual perception, word recognition, etc.) and coordinates learned movements by directing the stimulation of the primary motor cortex |
front of card |
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The intergrative areas gather information from the many association areas for complex analysis and direction of complex activities. This would be the highest level of brain activity |
front of card |
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EEG electroencephalogram |
records the electrical activity within the brain different waves represent different types of activity |
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seizure |
temporary cerebral disorder caused by uncoordinated neural activity and accompanied by abnormal movements sensations and inapproprite behavior |
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Aphasia |
A disorder affecting the ability to speak, read and sometimes to understand others |
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dyslexia |
an inability to properly comprehend the written word |
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disconnection syndrome |
in some epilepsis the corpus callosum is cut |
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the choroid plexus makes ? |
CSF from blood that passes near-by |
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3 meninges |
cranial dura mater cranial arachnoid mater cranial pia mater |
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Dural sinuses |
areas where venous blood collects prior to being returned to the heart through the jugular veins |
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CSF's composition is different from blood that is cushions the brain and spinal cord and that is supplies nurrients and removes waste |
front of card |
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the circuit of CSF |
Choroid plexus makes CSF from the blood stream dumping it into the 4 ventricles. It goes down to the spinal cord either through the central canal or the subarachnoid space. Eventually it dumps through the arachnoid granules back into the veins where blood then flows to the heart |
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The blood supply to the brain to inclued |
- internal carotid -vertebral -circle of willis -dural sinus -jugular veins |
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The importance of the circle of willis being a circle |
lies within the brain to give it its blood supply. if one point on the circle becomes blocked (ex. by a clot) blood from another part of the circle can move around the circle to supply it from its other side. This is a safety net that will reduce the effects of clots and thus reduce the number of strokes |
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CVA (cerebravascular accident) |
-a stroke - the supply to part of the brain is cut off/ affected neurons die within a few minutes |
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BBB(The blood brain barrier) |
This is maintained by astrocytes and isolates the CNS circulation from the general circulation - clinically this affects the drugs you use |
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SAME repressents |
Sensory=Afferent & motor = Efferents |
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Sensory nerves ascend toward the brain and motor descend to the muscle, gland, or organ |
front of card |
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receptors are specific to specific environmental stimuli; ex. temperature receptors for temperature detection not detection of pain |
front of card |
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free nerve endings are not do specific |
front of card |
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receptor field |
a single receptor cell monitors only a specific area -ex. Large field: decreased sensitivity back 700 mm -ex. small field: increased sensitivity tongue <1mm |
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Transduction |
the receptor detects the stimuli and then it is transformed into an action potential (nerve impulse that goes to the CNS) |
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Labeled line |
the link between peripheral receptor and its cortical neuron |
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The 5 senses have both an area of reception (cortex) and interpretation centers (association area) |
front of card |
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Adaptation |
Reduction in sensitivity in the presence of constant stimuli -Fast- adapting receptors - adapt quickly; back ground noise smells ex. Enka -Slow adapting receptors- adapt slowly; pain receptors |
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We can over ride this adaptation by using our higher center to "concentrate" on smelling the perfume, listening to the car tires, etc |
front of card |
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Only 1% of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex and thus our awareness |
Front of card |
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Exteroreceptors |
provide information about external enviroment |
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proprioceptors |
report position of skeletal muscles and joints |
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interoceptors |
monitor visceral organs and functions; have fewer pain, temperature and touvh receptors and no propriceptors |
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nocieptors (pain) |
- most are in the superficial skin, joint capsules, bone periosteum and walls of blood vessels
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Thermoreceptors (temperature) |
Free nerve ending located in dermis, Skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalmus |
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mechanoreceptors |
physical distortion |
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Baroreceptors |
detect pressure changes |
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proprioceptors |
monitor position of joints and muscles |
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Chemoreceptors |
respond to water - solube and lipid- soluble substances that are dissolved in the fluid surrounding the receptor |
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The 4 system that baroreceptors monitor |
-BP -Respiratory -Urinary -Digestive by the pressure or stretching in each |
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substance P |
Neuro transmitters |
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3 maual test to assess sensation with emphasis on two point discrimination |
-touch 2 pointed objects to skin simulataneously -when close patient will feel only 1 prick -gradually separate until patient fells two object |
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anesthesia |
total loss of sensation |
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Hypesthesia |
reduction in sensation |
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paresthesia |
abnormal sensation ex. when leg falls asleep |
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First- order neuron |
sensory neuron that actually delivers information to CNS |
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Second- order neuron |
an interneuron often is within the spinal cord or brain stem |
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third-order neuron |
located in thalamus and now a sensation has reached our awareness |
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the 3 somatic sensory pathway |
posterior column- carries fine touch, pressure, vibration propriception spinocerebellar tract- carries proprioception spinothalamic tract- carries crude touch, pain, temperature |
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Referred pain |
pain perceived from uninjured |
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Why we are not consciously aware of information from the visceral sensory pathway? |
-Most of these go up spinothalamic pathway and never reach the cerebral cortex |
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Somatic Nervous system (SNS) |
Skeletal muscles ( voluntary) |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
Viscera, Glands (involuntary) |
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upper motor neuron (UMN) |
its cell body lies within the CNS; may stimulate or inhibit the LMN |
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Lower Motor neuron (LMN) |
its cell body lies withing the brain stem or spinal; it will eventually innervate the skeletal muscle outside the CNS |
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Cerebral palsy |
a general term fro a number of disorders affecting voluntary motor performance |
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both the basal nuclei and cerebellum help in conscious and unconscious control of muscle coordination |
front of card |
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That we are unaware of nerve impulses that only reach the brain stem or cerebellum but we are aware of those that reach the thalamus or cerebrum |
front of card |
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Amyotrophic Lateral Scierosis (ALS) |
a progressive, degemerative disease of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebrum -defect in axon function -signs/ symptoms *skeletal muscle atrophy *flaccid *intellect intact |
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3 descending motor pathways |
-Corticopinal tract -medial pathways -lateral pathways |
