Chapter 12: Vertebrates

Front 1

The Class of vertebrate fish that lack a jaw and have a cartilaginous skeleton.

Back 1

Class Agnatha

Front 2

Herbivores have longer intestines than carnivores in these vertebrates.

Back 2

Fish

Front 3

The Class of vertebrate fish that have an evolved jaw that allow them to eat bigger, harder food.

Back 3

Class Chondrichthyes

Front 4

Most fish undergo this chain of events for respiration.

Back 4

Water comes through mouth, passes over gills, and comes out through operculum.

Front 5

The Class of vertebrate fish that do not have paired appendages (like fins) and are mostly parasitic.

Back 5

Class Agnatha

Front 6

For this reason, sharks will suffocate if they stop moving.

Back 6

Since they only have gill slits and no operculum, they have no way of forcing air over their gills while stationary.

Front 7

The Class of vertebrate fish whose notochord is replaced by vertebrae as an adult and have internal fertilization along with a strong sense of smell and a cartilaginous skeleton.

Back 7

Class Chondrichthyes

Front 8

The gills of fish allow them to preform respiration because of this.

Back 8

The oxygen from the water diffuses across the membranes of the gills into the capillaries as it goes through.

Front 9

The Class of vertebrate fish that have a bony skeleton and jaw and that preforms mostly external fertilization.

Back 9

Class Osteichthyes

Front 10

All animals in the Classes Agnatha, Chondrichtheys, and Osteichthyes are these types of vertebrates

Back 10

Fish

Front 11

An air-filled chamber that gives a fish buoyancy and allows it to float or sink.

Back 11

Swim Bladder

Front 12

The prefix "oste-" means

Back 12

bone

Front 13

These structures are evolved into the Class Chondrichthyes and give the fish greater control over movement.

Back 13

Paired Pectoral fins

Front 14

The prefix "chondra-" means

Back 14

cartilage

Front 15

The Class of vertebrate fish with a swim bladder and a lateral line.

Back 15

Class Osteichthyes

Front 16

The suffix "-ichthyes" means

Back 16

fish

Front 17

A sensory organ located in the Class Chondrichthyes and Class Osteichythes that detects vibrations in the water.

Back 17

lateral line

Front 18

Fish that breathe air have:

Back 18

swim bladders that have been modified into a primitive lung (keyword - air).

Front 19

This Class of vertebrate fish can sense electricity and have a strong sense of taste and smell.

Back 19

Class Osteichthyes

Front 20

This very toxic substance that must be very dilute is how fish excrete waste.

Back 20

Ammonia

Front 21

These are two ways for external fertilization for fish.

Back 21

1.) Lay a few large eggs (in Class Agnatha) 2.) Lay a lot of little eggs (Class Osteichthyes)

Front 22

Fish have this kind of heart that is efficient, yet slow.

Back 22

2 - chambered heart

Front 23

This is where the food in a fish goes to be digested more after it is partially digested by the stomach.

Back 23

the pyloric ceca

Front 24

These vertebrates can feed by being parasites, filter feeding, herbivores, or carnivores.

Back 24

Fish

Front 25

What does "amphibian" mean?

Back 25

Double life

Front 26

Give two advantages amphibians had of moving to land.

Back 26

1 - Sometimes they were forced there due to drying up ponds.
2 - There is lots of food on land.
3 - There is shelter on land.
4 - There are no predators on land.
5 - There is more oxygen in the air than in the water.

Front 27

Give two disadvantages of amphibians moving to land.

Back 27

1 - Air temperatures fluctuate on land more than the water temperatures.
2 - Bodies are heavier and require more energy to move due to gravity on land.
3 - Cells dry out very quickly.

Front 28

Which type of fish are amphibians thought to have evolved from?

Back 28

Lobe-finned fish.

Front 29

What is one similarity between amphibians and the fish they are believed to be evolved from?

Back 29

They have similar bones and joints.

Front 30

Many species of amphibians breathe air by coming up to the surface every few minutes to "gulp" some air into their ___________.

Back 30

Swim bladders

Front 31

Give two adaptations that amphibians have in order to live on land.

Back 31

1 - Limbs and limb girdles help support their weight on land.
2 - A ribcage supports their internal organs and prevents lungs from collapsing.
3 - Some have lungs.
4 - They have ears (tympanic membranes) that better transmit sound in air.
5 - They can prevent water loss using mucus glands in their skin or using their eyelids.
6 - More efficient circulation.

Front 32

Amphibians have this type of fertilization.

Back 32

external

Front 33

This is where amphibians lay their eggs.

Back 33

In water, in order to keep them moist.

Front 34

Most amphibians undergo this process in order to grow.

Back 34

metamorphosis

Front 35

Amphibians in their aquatic/youth stage are ___________ while amphibians in their adult stage are ______________. (type of feeding)

Back 35

herbivorous, carnivorous

Front 36

Amphibians can breathe through these two structures on/in their bodies.

Back 36

Lungs and skin.

Front 37

Amphibians with less efficient lungs have to stay near a ___________ source.

Back 37

water

Front 38

This is the form that amphibians excrete their waste in; it is very toxic so it must be dilute.

Back 38

ammonia

Front 39

Amphibians have this type of heart in their aquatic/youth stage.

Back 39

2 - chambered heart

Front 40

Amphibians have this type of heart in their adult stage.

Back 40

3 - chambered heart

Front 41

These vertebrates are adapted to live in hot, dry places and are thought to have evolved from amphibians.

Back 41

Reptiles

Front 42

Give 2 adaptations that reptiles have to living on land/preventing water loss.

Back 42

1 - Thick, scaly skin.
2 - More developed lungs.
3 - More efficient circulatory system.
4 - Change in limb position to under the body allows better support and makes moving easier.
5 - Claws and teeth for protection and obtaining food.
6 - Internal fertilization makes them not dependent on water to transmit sperm to egg.

Front 43

Where does the embryo of a reptile develop?

Back 43

Inside an amniotic egg.

Front 44

What is the function of the shell in the amniotic egg?

Back 44

It prevents water loss.

Front 45

Which structures provides food for the embryo while in the amniotic egg?

Back 45

Yolk and Albumen

Front 46

What is the function of the amnion?

Back 46

To cushion the embryo.

Front 47

What does the allantios in the amniotic egg do?

Back 47

It collects waste and gas exchange.

Front 48

Most reptiles are ___________ (describing their eating habits).

Back 48

carnivorous

Front 49

What organs do reptiles breathe through?

Back 49

Lungs

Front 50

How do reptiles remove waste from their bodies? Why is this?

Back 50

They convert the ammonia in their bodies into uric acid and this is excreted with their feces. They do this because most reptiles live in hot desert-like habitats and water is too precious to be used to dilute the extremely toxic ammonia.

Front 51

How many chambers do reptilian hearts have?

Back 51

3 (or in some cases 4).

Front 52

This vertebrate class contains animals that are ectothermic (cold-blooded).

Back 52

Class Reptilia

Front 53

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of being ectothermic.

Back 53

Advantages:
1 - It does not cost much energy.
2 - Ectothermic animals can survive by eating only 1/10 of the amount of food that a mammal their size would have to.
Disadvantages:
1 - Chemical reactions occur in warm temperatures, so if an ectotherm gets cold, his entire body's processes could slow down.
2 - If it gets too hot, a reptile's proteins could be denatured.

Front 54

This Class of the the Subphylum Vertebrate is thought to have evolved from reptiles (dinosaurs).

Back 54

Aves

Front 55

This fossil that shows evidence of birds' evolution from dinosaurs has feathers and wings, but also claws (on its wings), teeth, and a long tail.

Back 55

Archaeopteryx

Front 56

This fossil of a dinosaur also shows evidence of birds being evolved from reptiles due to its hollow bones and developed breastbone, but they also had a bony tail, teeth, and claws on their forelimbs.

Back 56

Protoavis

Front 57

Give 3 similarities between bird and reptiles that prove their close relationship.

Back 57

1 - Clawed toes.
2 - Scales on feet.
3 - Internal fertilization.
4 - Amniotic egg.
5 - Excrete waste in form of uric acid.

Front 58

Give 5 adaptations that allow birds to flly.

Back 58

1 - Feathers (for insulation) and wings (provide lift).
2 - Large sternum (allows the attachment of powerful wing muscles).
3 - A 4 - Chambered heart.
4 - Hollow bones (make them lighter).
5 - No teeth (also makes them lighter).
6 - Beak instead of jaw (makes them lighter).
7 - Air sacs attached to the lungs.
8 - Internal testes located under air sacs.

Front 59

This muscular sac is found in the esophagus of a bird and makes up for their lack of teeth by mushing the food they consume.

Back 59

A crop

Front 60

What is the advantage of having air sacs attached to the lungs?

Back 60

Birds obtain oxygen while both inhaling and exhaling.

Front 61

What is the advantage of having internal testes located underneath air sacs?

Back 61

If the testes were external, it would cause problems of balance for birds. Since sperm production must occur at a temperature cooler than body temperature, the cool air from the air sacs keeps the testes slightly cooler than body temperature.

Front 62

This is the type of fertilization that occurs in birds.

Back 62

Internal

Front 63

The embryo of the bird developes in this type of egg.

Back 63

Amniotic egg

Front 64

This element is found in birds eggs and it makes them harder and tougher than reptile eggs.

Back 64

Calcium

Front 65

Birds excrete their wastes in this form.

Back 65

Uric acid

Front 66

Why is a powerful, 4 - chambered heart necessary for a bird?

Back 66

Flying requires a lot of energy.

Front 67

This word explains the birds body temperature.

Back 67

Endothermic