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753 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Combining Forms
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abdomen/o
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abdomen
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celi/o
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abdomen
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lapar/o
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abdomen
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an/o
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anus
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appendic/o
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appendix
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bil/i
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bile
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chol/e
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bile
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bucc/o
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cheek
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cheil/o
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lip
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col/o, colon/o
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colon
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cyst/o
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bladder or sac
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dent/i
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teeth
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doch/o
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duct
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duoden/o
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duodenum
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enter/o
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small intestine
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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gastr/o
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stomach
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gingiv/o
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gum
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gloss/o
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tongue
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lingu/o
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tongue
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hepat/o, hepatic/o
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liver
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herni/o
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hernia
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ile/o
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ileum
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inguin/o
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groin
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jejun/o
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jejunum (empty)
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lith/o
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stone
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or/o
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mouth
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stomat/o
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mouth
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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peritone/o
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peritoneum
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phag/o
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eat or swallow
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proct/o
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anus and rectum
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pylor/o
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pylorus (gatekeeper)
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rect/o
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rectum
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sial/o
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saliva
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon (resembles)
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steat/o
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fat
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-emesis
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vomiting
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Anatomical Terms
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oral cavity
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cavity that receives food for digestion
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salivary glands
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three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: parotid, submandibular (submaxillary) and the sublingual glands
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cheeks
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lateral walls of the mouth
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lips
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fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
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palate
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structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into soft and hard palate
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uvula
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small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
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tongue
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muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by band-like membrane known as the frenulum
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gums
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tissue covering the processes of the jaws
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teeth
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hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
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pharynx
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throat; passageway for food traveling to esophagus and for air traveling to larynx
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esophagus
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muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach
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stomach
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sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
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cardiac sphincter
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opening from esophagus to the stomach
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pyloric sphincter
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opening from the stomach to the duodenum
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small intestine
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smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
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duodenum
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first portion of the small intestine
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jejunum
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second portion of the small intestine
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ileum
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third portion of the small intestine
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large intestine
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larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
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cecum
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first part of the large intestine
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vermiform appendix
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worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection
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colon
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portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape
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ascending colon
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portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum
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transverse colon
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portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
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descending colon
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portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon
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sigmoid colon
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portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum
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rectum
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distal (end) portion of the large intestine
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rectal ampulla
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dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
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anus
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opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
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feces
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waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
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defecation
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evacuation of feces from the rectum
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peritoneum
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membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
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peritoneal cavity
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space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
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omentum
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extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
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liver
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organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
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gallbladder
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receptacle that stores and concentrates the biles produced in the liver
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pancreas
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gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
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biliary ducts
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ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
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Anatomic Divisions
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hypochondriac regions
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upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
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epigastric region
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upper middle region below the sternum
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lumbar regions
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middle lateral regions
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umbilical region
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region of the navel
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inguinal regions
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lower lateral groin regions
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hypogastric region
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region below the navel
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Symptomatic Terms
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anorexia
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loss of appetite (orexia=appetite)
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aphagia
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inability to swallow
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ascites
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accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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buccal
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in the cheek
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diarrhea
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frequent loose or liquid stools
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constipation
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infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo=to press together)
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dyspepsia
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indigestion (pepsis= digestion)
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dysphagia
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difficulty in swallowing
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eructation
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belch
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flatulence
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gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus= a blowing)
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halitosis
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bad breath (halitus= breath)
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hematemesis
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vomiting blood
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hematochezia
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red blood in stool (chezo=defecate)
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hepatomegaly
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enlargement of the liver
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hyperbilirubinemia
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excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
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icterus
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yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
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jaundice
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yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
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melena
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dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
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nausea
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feeling sick in the stomach
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steatorrhea
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feces containing fat
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sublingual
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under the tongue
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hypoglossal
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under the tongue
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Diagnostic terms
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ankyloglossia
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tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o=crooked or stiff)
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cheilitis
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inflammation of the lip
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esophageal varices
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swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
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esophagitis
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inflammation of the esophagus
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gastritis
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inflammation of the stomach
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal fxn of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
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gingivitis
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inflammation of the gums
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glossitis
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inflammation of the tongue
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parotiditis, parotitis
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inflammation of the parotid gland; aka mumps
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peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
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sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (pept/o= to digest)
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gastric ulcer
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ulcer located in the stomach
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duodenal ulcer
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ulcer located in the duodenum
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pyloric stenosis
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narrowed condition of the pylorus
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sialoadenitis
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inflammation of a salivary gland
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stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth
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Related to the lower GI tract
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anal fistula
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an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe)
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appendicitis
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inflammation of the appendix
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colitis
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inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
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ulcerative colitis
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chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations
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colorectal polyps
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benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy
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pediculated polyp
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polyp projected on a stalk (ped/o=foot)
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sessile polyp
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polyp lying flat on the surface (sessilis= low growing)
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diverticulum
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an abnormal side pocket in the GI tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber
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diverticulosis
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presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of diverticula
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dysentery
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inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (eg amebic dysentery)
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enteritis
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inflammation of the small intestine
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hemorrhoid
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swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois=a vein likely to bleed)
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hernia
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protrusion of a part from its normal location
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hiatal hernia
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protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
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inguinal hernia
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protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
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incarcerated hernia
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hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
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strangulated hernia
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hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
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umbilical hernia
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protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
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ilelitis
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inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
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intussusception
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prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus=within, suscipiens= to take up)
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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proctitis
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inflammation of the rectum and the anus
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volvulus
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twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo= to roll)
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Related to the Accessory organs of the GI system
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cholangitis
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inflammation of the bile ducts
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cholecystitis
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inflammation of the gallbladder
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choledocholithiasis
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presence of stones in the common bile duct
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cholelithiasis
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presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
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cirrhosis
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chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho= yellow)
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hepatitis
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inflammation of the liver
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hepatitis A
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inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
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hepatitis B
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inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
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hepatitis C
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inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
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pancreatitis
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inflammation of the pancreas
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Combining Forms
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abdomen/o
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abdomen
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Diagnostic Tests and Procesdures
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celi/o
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abdomen
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Biopsy (Bx)
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removal and microscope study of tissue for pathological examination
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lapar/o
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abdomen
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incisional biopsy
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removal of a portion of a lesion
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an/o
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anus
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excisional biopsy
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removal of an entire lesion
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appendic/o
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appendix
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needle biopsy
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percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (eg for liver biopsy)
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bil/i
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bile
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endoscopy
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examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or tx; used in Gi tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as bx, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions
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chol/e
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bile
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colonoscopy
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examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
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bucc/o
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cheek
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proctoscopy
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examination of the rectum and anus with a protoscope
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cheil/o
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lip
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sigmoidoscopy
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examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope
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col/o, colon/o
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colon
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.
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cyst/o
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bladder or sac
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capsule endoscopy
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examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine b/c of its length and complexity
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dent/i
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teeth
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
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endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions etc
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doch/o
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duct
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laparoscopy
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examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery
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duoden/o
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duodenum
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract
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enter/o
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small intestine
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radiography
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x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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upper GI series
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x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the pt has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium
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gastr/o
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stomach
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barium swallow
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x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects
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gingiv/o
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gum
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fluoroscopy
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x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (eg during a barium swallow)
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gloss/o
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tongue
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small bowel series
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x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
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lingu/o
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tongue
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lower GI series
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x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
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hepat/o, hepatic/o
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liver
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barium enema
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x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing barium
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herni/o
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hernia
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cholangiogram
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x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery
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ile/o
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ileum
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cholecystogram
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x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine
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inguin/o
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groin
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CT of the abdomen
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cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
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jejun/o
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jejunum (empty)
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sonography
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ultrasound imaging
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lith/o
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stone
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abdominal sonogram
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ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (eg liver, pancreas, aorta etc)
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or/o
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mouth
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endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
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images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle bx of tissue and in determining malignancy stage
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stomat/o
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mouth
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stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)
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isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to ID disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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stool occult blood study
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chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract
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peritone/o
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peritoneum
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phag/o
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eat or swallow
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Operative Terms
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proct/o
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anus and rectum
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abdominocentesis
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puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
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pylor/o
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pylorus (gatekeeper)
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abdominal paracentesis
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puncture of the abdomen for the aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites)
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rect/o
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rectum
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anal fistulectomy
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excision of an anal fistula
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sial/o
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saliva
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anastomosis
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union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon (resembles)
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appendectomy
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excision of a diseased appendix
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steat/o
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fat
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bariatric surgery
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treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight, iatric = pertains to treatment)
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-emesis
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vomiting
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cheiloplasty
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repair of the lip
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cholecystectomy
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excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis)
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Anatomical Terms
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laparoscopic cholecystectomy
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excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
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oral cavity
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cavity that receives food for digestion
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colostomy
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creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions
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salivary glands
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three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: parotid, submandibular (submaxillary) and the sublingual glands
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esophagoplasty
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repair of the esophagus
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cheeks
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lateral walls of the mouth
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gastrectomy
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partial or complete removal of the stomach
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lips
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fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
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gastric resection
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partial removal and repair of the stomach
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palate
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structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into soft and hard palate
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gastroenterostomy
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formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer
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uvula
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small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
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glossectomy
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excision of all or part of the tongue
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tongue
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muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by band-like membrane known as the frenulum
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glossorrhaphy
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suture of the tongue
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gums
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tissue covering the processes of the jaws
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hemorrhoidectomy
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excision of hemorrhoids
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teeth
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hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
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hepatic lobectomy
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excision of a lobe of the liver
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pharynx
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throat; passageway for food traveling to esophagus and for air traveling to larynx
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herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty
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repair of a hernia
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esophagus
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muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach
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ileostomy
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surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for the ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (eg ulcerative colitis)
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stomach
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sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
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laparoscopic surgery
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abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
|
|
|
cardiac sphincter
|
opening from esophagus to the stomach
|
|
|
laparotomy
|
incision into the abdomen
|
|
|
pyloric sphincter
|
opening from the stomach to the duodenum
|
|
|
pancreatectomy
|
excision of the pancreas
|
|
|
small intestine
|
smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
|
|
|
polypectomy
|
excision of polyps
|
|
|
duodenum
|
first portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
proctoplasty
|
repair of the anus and rectum
|
|
|
jejunum
|
second portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ileum
|
third portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
Therapeutic Terms
|
|
|
|
large intestine
|
larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
|
|
|
gastric lavage
|
oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and tx, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage=to wash)
|
|
|
cecum
|
first part of the large intestine
|
|
|
nasogastric (NG) intubation
|
insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
|
|
|
vermiform appendix
|
worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection
|
|
|
Common Therapeutic Drug Classifications
|
|
|
|
colon
|
portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape
|
|
|
antacid
|
drug that neutralizes stomach acid
|
|
|
ascending colon
|
portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum
|
|
|
antiemetic
|
drug that prevents or stops vomiting
|
|
|
transverse colon
|
portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
|
|
|
antispasmodic
|
drug that decreases the motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
|
|
|
descending colon
|
portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon
|
|
|
cathartic
|
drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
|
|
|
sigmoid colon
|
portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rectum
|
distal (end) portion of the large intestine
|
|
|
Acronyms and Abbreviations
|
|
|
|
rectal ampulla
|
dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
|
|
|
Bx
|
biopsy
|
|
|
anus
|
opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
|
|
|
C & S
|
Culture and sensitivity
|
|
|
feces
|
waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
|
|
|
CT
|
Computed tomography
|
|
|
defecation
|
evacuation of feces from the rectum
|
|
|
EGD
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
|
|
|
peritoneum
|
membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
|
|
|
ERCP
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
|
|
|
peritoneal cavity
|
space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
EUS
|
endoscopic ultrasonography
|
|
|
omentum
|
extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
|
|
|
GERD
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease
|
|
|
liver
|
organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
|
|
|
GI
|
Gastrointestinal
|
|
|
gallbladder
|
receptacle that stores and concentrates the biles produced in the liver
|
|
|
HAV
|
Hepatitis A virus
|
|
|
pancreas
|
gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
|
|
|
HBV
|
Hepatitis B virus
|
|
|
biliary ducts
|
ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
|
|
|
HCV
|
Hepatitis C virus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LLQ
|
left lower quadrant
|
|
|
Anatomic Divisions
|
|
|
|
LUQ
|
left upper quadrant
|
|
|
hypochondriac regions
|
upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
|
|
|
MRI
|
magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
|
epigastric region
|
upper middle region below the sternum
|
|
|
NG
|
nasogastric
|
|
|
lumbar regions
|
middle lateral regions
|
|
|
PUD
|
peptic ulcer disease
|
|
|
umbilical region
|
region of the navel
|
|
|
RLQ
|
right lower quadrant
|
|
|
inguinal regions
|
lower lateral groin regions
|
|
|
RUQ
|
right upper quadrant
|
|
|
hypogastric region
|
region below the navel
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Symptomatic Terms
|
|
|
|
anorexia
|
loss of appetite (orexia=appetite)
|
|
|
aphagia
|
inability to swallow
|
|
|
ascites
|
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
buccal
|
in the cheek
|
|
|
diarrhea
|
frequent loose or liquid stools
|
|
|
constipation
|
infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo=to press together)
|
|
|
dyspepsia
|
indigestion (pepsis= digestion)
|
|
|
dysphagia
|
difficulty in swallowing
|
|
|
eructation
|
belch
|
|
|
flatulence
|
gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus= a blowing)
|
|
|
halitosis
|
bad breath (halitus= breath)
|
|
|
hematemesis
|
vomiting blood
|
|
|
hematochezia
|
red blood in stool (chezo=defecate)
|
|
|
hepatomegaly
|
enlargement of the liver
|
|
|
hyperbilirubinemia
|
excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
|
|
|
icterus
|
yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
|
|
|
jaundice
|
yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
|
|
|
melena
|
dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
|
|
|
nausea
|
feeling sick in the stomach
|
|
|
steatorrhea
|
feces containing fat
|
|
|
sublingual
|
under the tongue
|
|
|
hypoglossal
|
under the tongue
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diagnostic terms
|
|
|
|
ankyloglossia
|
tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o=crooked or stiff)
|
|
|
cheilitis
|
inflammation of the lip
|
|
|
esophageal varices
|
swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
|
|
|
esophagitis
|
inflammation of the esophagus
|
|
|
gastritis
|
inflammation of the stomach
|
|
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
|
backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal fxn of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
|
|
|
gingivitis
|
inflammation of the gums
|
|
|
glossitis
|
inflammation of the tongue
|
|
|
parotiditis, parotitis
|
inflammation of the parotid gland; aka mumps
|
|
|
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
|
sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (pept/o= to digest)
|
|
|
gastric ulcer
|
ulcer located in the stomach
|
|
|
duodenal ulcer
|
ulcer located in the duodenum
|
|
|
pyloric stenosis
|
narrowed condition of the pylorus
|
|
|
sialoadenitis
|
inflammation of a salivary gland
|
|
|
stomatitis
|
inflammation of the mouth
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Related to the lower GI tract
|
|
|
|
anal fistula
|
an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe)
|
|
|
appendicitis
|
inflammation of the appendix
|
|
|
colitis
|
inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
|
|
|
ulcerative colitis
|
chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations
|
|
|
colorectal polyps
|
benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy
|
|
|
pediculated polyp
|
polyp projected on a stalk (ped/o=foot)
|
|
|
sessile polyp
|
polyp lying flat on the surface (sessilis= low growing)
|
|
|
diverticulum
|
an abnormal side pocket in the GI tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber
|
|
|
Combining Forms
|
|
|
|
diverticulosis
|
presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon
|
|
|
abdomen/o
|
abdomen
|
|
|
diverticulitis
|
inflammation of diverticula
|
|
|
celi/o
|
abdomen
|
|
|
dysentery
|
inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (eg amebic dysentery)
|
|
|
lapar/o
|
abdomen
|
|
|
enteritis
|
inflammation of the small intestine
|
|
|
an/o
|
anus
|
|
|
hemorrhoid
|
swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois=a vein likely to bleed)
|
|
|
appendic/o
|
appendix
|
|
|
hernia
|
protrusion of a part from its normal location
|
|
|
bil/i
|
bile
|
|
|
hiatal hernia
|
protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
|
|
|
chol/e
|
bile
|
|
|
inguinal hernia
|
protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
|
|
|
bucc/o
|
cheek
|
|
|
incarcerated hernia
|
hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
|
|
|
cheil/o
|
lip
|
|
|
strangulated hernia
|
hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
|
|
|
col/o, colon/o
|
colon
|
|
|
umbilical hernia
|
protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
|
|
|
cyst/o
|
bladder or sac
|
|
|
ilelitis
|
inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
dent/i
|
teeth
|
|
|
intussusception
|
prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus=within, suscipiens= to take up)
|
|
|
doch/o
|
duct
|
|
|
peritonitis
|
inflammation of the peritoneum
|
|
|
duoden/o
|
duodenum
|
|
|
proctitis
|
inflammation of the rectum and the anus
|
|
|
enter/o
|
small intestine
|
|
|
volvulus
|
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo= to roll)
|
|
|
esophag/o
|
esophagus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
gastr/o
|
stomach
|
|
|
Related to the Accessory organs of the GI system
|
|
|
|
gingiv/o
|
gum
|
|
|
cholangitis
|
inflammation of the bile ducts
|
|
|
gloss/o
|
tongue
|
|
|
cholecystitis
|
inflammation of the gallbladder
|
|
|
lingu/o
|
tongue
|
|
|
choledocholithiasis
|
presence of stones in the common bile duct
|
|
|
hepat/o, hepatic/o
|
liver
|
|
|
cholelithiasis
|
presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
|
|
|
herni/o
|
hernia
|
|
|
cirrhosis
|
chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho= yellow)
|
|
|
ile/o
|
ileum
|
|
|
hepatitis
|
inflammation of the liver
|
|
|
inguin/o
|
groin
|
|
|
hepatitis A
|
inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
|
|
|
jejun/o
|
jejunum (empty)
|
|
|
hepatitis B
|
inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
|
|
|
lith/o
|
stone
|
|
|
hepatitis C
|
inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
|
|
|
or/o
|
mouth
|
|
|
pancreatitis
|
inflammation of the pancreas
|
|
|
stomat/o
|
mouth
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pancreat/o
|
pancreas
|
|
|
Diagnostic Tests and Procesdures
|
|
|
|
peritone/o
|
peritoneum
|
|
|
Biopsy (Bx)
|
removal and microscope study of tissue for pathological examination
|
|
|
phag/o
|
eat or swallow
|
|
|
incisional biopsy
|
removal of a portion of a lesion
|
|
|
proct/o
|
anus and rectum
|
|
|
excisional biopsy
|
removal of an entire lesion
|
|
|
pylor/o
|
pylorus (gatekeeper)
|
|
|
needle biopsy
|
percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (eg for liver biopsy)
|
|
|
rect/o
|
rectum
|
|
|
endoscopy
|
examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or tx; used in Gi tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as bx, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions
|
|
|
sial/o
|
saliva
|
|
|
colonoscopy
|
examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
|
|
|
sigmoid/o
|
sigmoid colon (resembles)
|
|
|
proctoscopy
|
examination of the rectum and anus with a protoscope
|
|
|
steat/o
|
fat
|
|
|
sigmoidoscopy
|
examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope
|
|
|
-emesis
|
vomiting
|
|
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
|
examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
capsule endoscopy
|
examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine b/c of its length and complexity
|
|
|
Anatomical Terms
|
|
|
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
|
endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions etc
|
|
|
oral cavity
|
cavity that receives food for digestion
|
|
|
laparoscopy
|
examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery
|
|
|
salivary glands
|
three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: parotid, submandibular (submaxillary) and the sublingual glands
|
|
|
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract
|
|
|
cheeks
|
lateral walls of the mouth
|
|
|
radiography
|
x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
|
|
|
lips
|
fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
|
|
|
upper GI series
|
x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the pt has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium
|
|
|
palate
|
structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into soft and hard palate
|
|
|
barium swallow
|
x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects
|
|
|
uvula
|
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
|
|
|
fluoroscopy
|
x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (eg during a barium swallow)
|
|
|
tongue
|
muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by band-like membrane known as the frenulum
|
|
|
small bowel series
|
x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
|
|
|
gums
|
tissue covering the processes of the jaws
|
|
|
lower GI series
|
x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
|
|
|
teeth
|
hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
|
|
|
barium enema
|
x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing barium
|
|
|
pharynx
|
throat; passageway for food traveling to esophagus and for air traveling to larynx
|
|
|
cholangiogram
|
x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery
|
|
|
esophagus
|
muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach
|
|
|
cholecystogram
|
x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine
|
|
|
stomach
|
sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
|
|
|
CT of the abdomen
|
cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
|
|
|
cardiac sphincter
|
opening from esophagus to the stomach
|
|
|
sonography
|
ultrasound imaging
|
|
|
pyloric sphincter
|
opening from the stomach to the duodenum
|
|
|
abdominal sonogram
|
ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (eg liver, pancreas, aorta etc)
|
|
|
small intestine
|
smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
|
|
|
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
|
images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle bx of tissue and in determining malignancy stage
|
|
|
duodenum
|
first portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)
|
isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to ID disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
|
|
|
jejunum
|
second portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
stool occult blood study
|
chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract
|
|
|
ileum
|
third portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
large intestine
|
larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
|
|
|
Operative Terms
|
|
|
|
cecum
|
first part of the large intestine
|
|
|
abdominocentesis
|
puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
|
|
|
vermiform appendix
|
worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection
|
|
|
abdominal paracentesis
|
puncture of the abdomen for the aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites)
|
|
|
colon
|
portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape
|
|
|
anal fistulectomy
|
excision of an anal fistula
|
|
|
ascending colon
|
portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum
|
|
|
anastomosis
|
union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery
|
|
|
transverse colon
|
portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
|
|
|
appendectomy
|
excision of a diseased appendix
|
|
|
descending colon
|
portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon
|
|
|
bariatric surgery
|
treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight, iatric = pertains to treatment)
|
|
|
sigmoid colon
|
portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum
|
|
|
cheiloplasty
|
repair of the lip
|
|
|
rectum
|
distal (end) portion of the large intestine
|
|
|
cholecystectomy
|
excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis)
|
|
|
rectal ampulla
|
dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
|
|
|
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
|
excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
|
|
|
anus
|
opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
|
|
|
colostomy
|
creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions
|
|
|
feces
|
waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
|
|
|
esophagoplasty
|
repair of the esophagus
|
|
|
defecation
|
evacuation of feces from the rectum
|
|
|
gastrectomy
|
partial or complete removal of the stomach
|
|
|
peritoneum
|
membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
|
|
|
gastric resection
|
partial removal and repair of the stomach
|
|
|
peritoneal cavity
|
space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
gastroenterostomy
|
formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer
|
|
|
omentum
|
extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
|
|
|
glossectomy
|
excision of all or part of the tongue
|
|
|
liver
|
organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
|
|
|
glossorrhaphy
|
suture of the tongue
|
|
|
gallbladder
|
receptacle that stores and concentrates the biles produced in the liver
|
|
|
hemorrhoidectomy
|
excision of hemorrhoids
|
|
|
pancreas
|
gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
|
|
|
hepatic lobectomy
|
excision of a lobe of the liver
|
|
|
biliary ducts
|
ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
|
|
|
herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty
|
repair of a hernia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ileostomy
|
surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for the ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (eg ulcerative colitis)
|
|
|
Anatomic Divisions
|
|
|
|
laparoscopic surgery
|
abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
|
|
|
hypochondriac regions
|
upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
|
|
|
laparotomy
|
incision into the abdomen
|
|
|
epigastric region
|
upper middle region below the sternum
|
|
|
pancreatectomy
|
excision of the pancreas
|
|
|
lumbar regions
|
middle lateral regions
|
|
|
polypectomy
|
excision of polyps
|
|
|
umbilical region
|
region of the navel
|
|
|
proctoplasty
|
repair of the anus and rectum
|
|
|
inguinal regions
|
lower lateral groin regions
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
hypogastric region
|
region below the navel
|
|
|
Therapeutic Terms
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
gastric lavage
|
oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and tx, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage=to wash)
|
|
|
Symptomatic Terms
|
|
|
|
nasogastric (NG) intubation
|
insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
|
|
|
anorexia
|
loss of appetite (orexia=appetite)
|
|
|
Common Therapeutic Drug Classifications
|
|
|
|
aphagia
|
inability to swallow
|
|
|
antacid
|
drug that neutralizes stomach acid
|
|
|
ascites
|
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
antiemetic
|
drug that prevents or stops vomiting
|
|
|
buccal
|
in the cheek
|
|
|
antispasmodic
|
drug that decreases the motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
|
|
|
diarrhea
|
frequent loose or liquid stools
|
|
|
cathartic
|
drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
|
|
|
constipation
|
infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo=to press together)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dyspepsia
|
indigestion (pepsis= digestion)
|
|
|
Acronyms and Abbreviations
|
|
|
|
dysphagia
|
difficulty in swallowing
|
|
|
Bx
|
biopsy
|
|
|
eructation
|
belch
|
|
|
C & S
|
Culture and sensitivity
|
|
|
flatulence
|
gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus= a blowing)
|
|
|
CT
|
Computed tomography
|
|
|
halitosis
|
bad breath (halitus= breath)
|
|
|
EGD
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
|
|
|
hematemesis
|
vomiting blood
|
|
|
ERCP
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
|
|
|
hematochezia
|
red blood in stool (chezo=defecate)
|
|
|
EUS
|
endoscopic ultrasonography
|
|
|
GERD
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease
|
|
|
hepatomegaly
|
enlargement of the liver
|
|
|
GI
|
Gastrointestinal
|
|
|
hyperbilirubinemia
|
excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
|
|
|
HAV
|
Hepatitis A virus
|
|
|
icterus
|
yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
|
|
|
HBV
|
Hepatitis B virus
|
|
|
jaundice
|
yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
|
|
|
HCV
|
Hepatitis C virus
|
|
|
melena
|
dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
|
|
|
LLQ
|
left lower quadrant
|
|
|
nausea
|
feeling sick in the stomach
|
|
|
LUQ
|
left upper quadrant
|
|
|
steatorrhea
|
feces containing fat
|
|
|
MRI
|
magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
|
sublingual
|
under the tongue
|
|
|
NG
|
nasogastric
|
|
|
hypoglossal
|
under the tongue
|
|
|
PUD
|
peptic ulcer disease
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RLQ
|
right lower quadrant
|
|
|
Diagnostic terms
|
|
|
|
RUQ
|
right upper quadrant
|
|
|
ankyloglossia
|
tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o=crooked or stiff)
|
|
|
cheilitis
|
inflammation of the lip
|
|
|
esophageal varices
|
swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
|
|
|
esophagitis
|
inflammation of the esophagus
|
|
|
gastritis
|
inflammation of the stomach
|
|
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
|
backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal fxn of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
|
|
|
gingivitis
|
inflammation of the gums
|
|
|
glossitis
|
inflammation of the tongue
|
|
|
parotiditis, parotitis
|
inflammation of the parotid gland; aka mumps
|
|
|
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
|
sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (pept/o= to digest)
|
|
|
gastric ulcer
|
ulcer located in the stomach
|
|
|
duodenal ulcer
|
ulcer located in the duodenum
|
|
|
pyloric stenosis
|
narrowed condition of the pylorus
|
|
|
sialoadenitis
|
inflammation of a salivary gland
|
|
|
stomatitis
|
inflammation of the mouth
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Related to the lower GI tract
|
|
|
|
anal fistula
|
an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe)
|
|
|
appendicitis
|
inflammation of the appendix
|
|
|
colitis
|
inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
|
|
|
ulcerative colitis
|
chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations
|
|
|
colorectal polyps
|
benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy
|
|
|
pediculated polyp
|
polyp projected on a stalk (ped/o=foot)
|
|
|
sessile polyp
|
polyp lying flat on the surface (sessilis= low growing)
|
|
|
diverticulum
|
an abnormal side pocket in the GI tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber
|
|
|
diverticulosis
|
presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon
|
|
|
diverticulitis
|
inflammation of diverticula
|
|
|
dysentery
|
inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (eg amebic dysentery)
|
|
|
enteritis
|
inflammation of the small intestine
|
|
|
hemorrhoid
|
swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois=a vein likely to bleed)
|
|
|
hernia
|
protrusion of a part from its normal location
|
|
|
hiatal hernia
|
protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
|
|
|
inguinal hernia
|
protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
|
|
|
incarcerated hernia
|
hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
|
|
|
strangulated hernia
|
hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
|
|
|
umbilical hernia
|
protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
|
|
|
ilelitis
|
inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
intussusception
|
prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus=within, suscipiens= to take up)
|
|
|
peritonitis
|
inflammation of the peritoneum
|
|
|
proctitis
|
inflammation of the rectum and the anus
|
|
|
volvulus
|
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo= to roll)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Related to the Accessory organs of the GI system
|
|
|
|
cholangitis
|
inflammation of the bile ducts
|
|
|
cholecystitis
|
inflammation of the gallbladder
|
|
|
choledocholithiasis
|
presence of stones in the common bile duct
|
|
|
cholelithiasis
|
presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
|
|
|
cirrhosis
|
chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho= yellow)
|
|
|
hepatitis
|
inflammation of the liver
|
|
|
hepatitis A
|
inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
|
|
|
hepatitis B
|
inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
|
|
|
hepatitis C
|
inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
|
|
|
pancreatitis
|
inflammation of the pancreas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diagnostic Tests and Procesdures
|
|
|
|
Biopsy (Bx)
|
removal and microscope study of tissue for pathological examination
|
|
|
incisional biopsy
|
removal of a portion of a lesion
|
|
|
excisional biopsy
|
removal of an entire lesion
|
|
|
needle biopsy
|
percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (eg for liver biopsy)
|
|
|
endoscopy
|
examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or tx; used in Gi tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as bx, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions
|
|
|
colonoscopy
|
examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
|
|
|
proctoscopy
|
examination of the rectum and anus with a protoscope
|
|
|
sigmoidoscopy
|
examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope
|
|
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
|
examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.
|
|
|
capsule endoscopy
|
examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine b/c of its length and complexity
|
|
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
|
endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions etc
|
|
|
laparoscopy
|
examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery
|
|
|
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract
|
|
|
radiography
|
x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
|
|
|
upper GI series
|
x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the pt has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium
|
|
|
barium swallow
|
x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects
|
|
|
fluoroscopy
|
x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (eg during a barium swallow)
|
|
|
small bowel series
|
x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
|
|
|
lower GI series
|
x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
|
|
|
barium enema
|
x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing barium
|
|
|
cholangiogram
|
x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery
|
|
|
cholecystogram
|
x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine
|
|
|
CT of the abdomen
|
cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
|
|
|
sonography
|
ultrasound imaging
|
|
|
abdominal sonogram
|
ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (eg liver, pancreas, aorta etc)
|
|
|
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
|
images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle bx of tissue and in determining malignancy stage
|
|
|
stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)
|
isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to ID disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
|
|
|
stool occult blood study
|
chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operative Terms
|
|
|
|
abdominocentesis
|
puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
|
|
|
abdominal paracentesis
|
puncture of the abdomen for the aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites)
|
|
|
anal fistulectomy
|
excision of an anal fistula
|
|
|
anastomosis
|
union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery
|
|
|
appendectomy
|
excision of a diseased appendix
|
|
|
bariatric surgery
|
treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight, iatric = pertains to treatment)
|
|
|
cheiloplasty
|
repair of the lip
|
|
|
cholecystectomy
|
excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis)
|
|
|
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
|
excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
|
|
|
colostomy
|
creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions
|
|
|
esophagoplasty
|
repair of the esophagus
|
|
|
gastrectomy
|
partial or complete removal of the stomach
|
|
|
gastric resection
|
partial removal and repair of the stomach
|
|
|
gastroenterostomy
|
formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer
|
|
|
glossectomy
|
excision of all or part of the tongue
|
|
|
glossorrhaphy
|
suture of the tongue
|
|
|
hemorrhoidectomy
|
excision of hemorrhoids
|
|
|
hepatic lobectomy
|
excision of a lobe of the liver
|
|
|
herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty
|
repair of a hernia
|
|
|
ileostomy
|
surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for the ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (eg ulcerative colitis)
|
|
|
laparoscopic surgery
|
abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
|
|
|
laparotomy
|
incision into the abdomen
|
|
|
pancreatectomy
|
excision of the pancreas
|
|
|
polypectomy
|
excision of polyps
|
|
|
proctoplasty
|
repair of the anus and rectum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Therapeutic Terms
|
|
|
|
gastric lavage
|
oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and tx, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage=to wash)
|
|
|
nasogastric (NG) intubation
|
insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
|
|
|
Common Therapeutic Drug Classifications
|
|
|
|
antacid
|
drug that neutralizes stomach acid
|
|
|
antiemetic
|
drug that prevents or stops vomiting
|
|
|
antispasmodic
|
drug that decreases the motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
|
|
|
cathartic
|
drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acronyms and Abbreviations
|
|
|
|
Bx
|
biopsy
|
|
|
C & S
|
Culture and sensitivity
|
|
|
CT
|
Computed tomography
|
|
|
EGD
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
|
|
|
ERCP
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
|
|
|
EUS
|
endoscopic ultrasonography
|
|
|
GERD
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease
|
|
|
GI
|
Gastrointestinal
|
|
|
HAV
|
Hepatitis A virus
|
|
|
HBV
|
Hepatitis B virus
|
|
|
HCV
|
Hepatitis C virus
|
|
|
LLQ
|
left lower quadrant
|
|
|
LUQ
|
left upper quadrant
|
|
|
MRI
|
magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
|
NG
|
nasogastric
|
|
|
PUD
|
peptic ulcer disease
|
|
|
RLQ
|
right lower quadrant
|
|
|
RUQ
|
right upper quadrant
|
