Chapter 12 Immune Response

Front 1

First Line of Defense

Back 1

- skin

- mucus

- lysozyme (bacteria/peptidoglycan)

- normal microbiota

- urine flow

- cilia

Front 2

Second Line of Defense

Back 2

- phagocytes

- inflammation

- fever

- stomach acid

- natural killer cells

- interferon: viruses

- complement: help immune cells

Front 3

Third line of defense

Back 3

- lymphocytes: form memory cells

- humoral immunity: B cells, antibodies

- cell-mediated immunity: T cells

Front 4

Nonspecific Leukocytes

Back 4

- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

- Agranulocytes: Monocytes → Macrophages

Front 5

Neutrophils

Back 5

Phagocytosis, most abundant WBC (key component of pus)

Front 6

Basophils

Back 6

Histamine, allergy, inflammation

Front 7

Eosinophils

Back 7

Parasites, allergy

Front 8

Natural Killer Cells

Back 8

Nonspecific lymphocyte

- cancer

- viral infected

Contain Proteins:

- perforin

- granzymes

Front 9

Perforin

Back 9

Forms pore (hole in infected cells for granzymes to enter)

Front 10

Granzymes

Back 10

Trigger apoptosis

Front 11

Inflammation

Back 11

- Damaged cells release histamine, etc.

- increased vasodilation and capillary permeability (redness, heat, swelling, pain)

- phagocytes migrate to site

- Neutrophils then monocytes/macrophages

Front 12

Monocytes → Macrophages

Back 12

- secrete cytokines

- engulf invader

- clean up area

Front 13

Increased Capillary Permeability Problems

Back 13

- Edema

- Septic Shock

Front 14

Edema

Back 14

Local Inflammation

- pulmonary edema in hantavirus

Front 15

Septic Shock

Back 15

- systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

- widespread inflammation

Front 16

Fever

Back 16

Macrophages release cytokines (interleukins) that induce fever

Hypothalamus resets body temp

- Chill: vasoconstriction, shiver

- Sweating: vasodilation

Intensify immune response; inhibit growth of microbes

Front 17

Interferon

Back 17

Virus-infected cell releases interferon

- stimulates neighbors → antiviral proteins

- prevents viral replication; not virus specific

Front 18

Complement Blood Proteins ("OIL")

Back 18

- Opsonization

- Inflammation

- Lysis

Front 19

Opsonization

Back 19

- Bind to pathogen → phagocytosis (enhancement of phagocytosis by coating with C3b)

Front 20

Inflammation

Back 20

- Cells release histamine

- recruit phagocytes

Front 21

Lysis

Back 21

- Bacterial lysis with membrane attack complex

Front 22

Antigen

Back 22

antibody generating (anything foreign

Front 23

Humoral Immunity

Back 23

- free floating antibodies

Front 24

Cell-mediated immunity

Back 24

- infected cell

- cytotoxic T cells

Front 25

Antigen presenting cell carries...

Back 25

MHC/Antigen

Front 26

CD4 Cells

Back 26

Helper T Cells

Bind to MHC-antigen complex on APC

- Secrete cytokines

- Activate other immune cells

Front 27

CD8 Cells

Back 27

Cytotoxic T Cells

Bind to infected cells

- Secretes perforin and granzyme to destroy infected cells

Front 28

Humoral (antibody) Response

Back 28

- Defend against bacteria, toxins, and viruses floating freely in blood and lymph

- Activated by antigen and Helper T cells

- Plasma cells make antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Front 29

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

Disable Antigen By:

Back 29

Protein: antigen specific

Disable antigen by:

- Neutralization (block binding site) of toxins or virus; IgA

- Enhance phagocytosis; IgG

- Activate Complement; IgM, IgG

Front 30

Antibodies enhance phagocytosis

Back 30

Neutralization, precipitation, agglutination → Ehance phagocytosis

Front 31

Clonal Selection

Back 31

Selection → bacterial cell → clonal expansion → plasma cell → antibody production (after infection, plasma cells apoptosis)

Front 32

Immune Disorders

Back 32

- Autoimmune

- Leukemia

- Immunodeficiency

- Hypersensitivity

Front 33

Autoimmune Disorders

Local:

Systemic:

Back 33

- local (rheumatoid arthritis)

- systemic (lupus)

- multiple sclerosis

Front 34

Leukemia

Back 34

- myeloid lymphocytic

Front 35

Immunodeficiency

Acquired:

Congenital:

Back 35

- acquired (AIDS)

- congenital (SCID)

Front 36

Hypersensitivity

Back 36

- anaphylaxis

- delayed hypersensitivity

- allergies

Front 37

Vaccines

Back 37

- immunological memory

- antibodies prevent attachment

Front 38

Immunological Memory

Back 38

- Primary Response

- Secondary Response

Front 39

Primary Response

Back 39

- first contact with antigen

- IgM followed by IgG

Front 40

Secondary Response

Back 40

- memory cells activated (B and T cells)

- high antibody (IgG) titer

Front 41

Passive Immunity

Back 41

Receive preformed antibodies (antitoxin or antivenom)

- mother to fetus

- immunoglobulin serum (infusion of antibodies)

Short-term → no memory and immediate

Front 42

Active Immunity

Back 42

Memory cells (T and B lymphocytes)

- Natural active immunity → recover from disease

- Artificial active immunity → vaccine

Longer immunity

Front 43

Types of Vaccines

Back 43

- subunit

- whole inactive

- attenuated

Front 44

Subunit Vaccines

Back 44

Antigen fragments

- induces antibodies; may need several injections (antitoxins)

- toxoids; bacteria capsules; viral capsid/spike (DPT)

Front 45

Whole Inactive Vaccine

Back 45

Whole bacteria or viruses

- heat or chemically killed. stable.

- less effective → need booster but no risk

Front 46

Attenuated Vaccine

Back 46

Live, weakened microbes

- mimic infection: life long immunity (strongest immune response but may revert)

- Edward Jenner smallpox and cowpox

- Concern: possible reversion to virulent form

Front 47

Louis Paster

Back 47

Attenuated Rabies Vaccine

Front 48

Polio Vaccine

Back 48

Salk: inactive

Sabin: attenuated

Front 49

Herd Immunity

Back 49

Best defense against viral infections