Chapter 12 Final-Final

Front 1

the third deepest layer of the meningeal membrane that Is wound very tightly to the surface of the spinal chord.

Back 1

The pia mater

Front 2

What holds the spinal chord in place within the thecal sac? (2)

Back 2

The denticulate ligaments & the filum terminale

Front 3

What are the denticulate ligaments?

Back 3

they are paired connective tissue septa extending from the lateral sides of the spinal chord to the dura mater.

Front 4

how do the denticulate ligaments attach to the dura mater?

Back 4

by toothlike processes between the exits of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves. (denticulate meaning toothlike)

Front 5

What do the denticulate ligaments limit?

Back 5

the lateral movement of the spinal cord

Front 6

What is the filum terminale?

Back 6

A connective tissue strand that anchors the conus medullaris & the thecal sac to the 1st coccygeal vertebra, limiting their superior movement.

Front 7

Collections of cell bodies of the sensory neurons forming the dorsal roots of the spinal nerve.

Back 7

The dorsal root ganglia

Front 8

the axons of these pseudo-unipolar neurons extend from various parts of the body and ______________________________.

Back 8

pass through spinal nerves to the dorsal root ganglia

Front 9

Do the axons synapse in the dorsal root ganglion?

Back 9

No

Front 10

The axons pass through the dorsal root into the________

Back 10

posterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter

Front 11

Where do the axons synapse?

Back 11

They synapse w/interneurons in the posterior horn

Front 12

if they do not synapse in the posterior horn, where to they go?

Back 12

They pass into the white matter and ascend or descend in the spinal cord.

Front 13

the simplest stretch in which muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them.

Back 13

Stretch reflex

Front 14

The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex consisting of 3-10 small, specialized skeletal muscle fibers.

Back 14

Muscle spindle

Front 15

Are the muscle fibers of the spindle contractile?

Back 15

only at their ends

Front 16

What motor neurons innervate the fibers?

Back 16

Gamma motor neurons (gamma meaning motor neurons w/small-diameter axons)

Front 17

What do gamma motor neurons do?

Back 17

they originate from the spinal cord and control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle cells.

Front 18

What neurons innervate the noncontractile centers of the muscle spindle cells?

Back 18

Sensory neurons

Front 19

Axons of these neurons extend to the ______ and ________ with motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Back 19

spinal cord

synapse directly

Front 20

what are the motor neurons in the spinal cord

Back 20

alpha motor neurons

Front 21

The alpha motor neurons innervate the muscle _________

Back 21

in which the muscle spindle Is embedded

Front 22

Neurons can be classified by the _______ of their ______

Back 22

diameter

axons

Front 23

which neurons have the largest diameter?

Back 23

Alpha motor neurons

Front 24

Why is the stretch reflex a monosynaptic reflex?

Back 24

because there is no interneuron between the sensory neuron and the alpha motor neuron

Front 25

Prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons

Back 25

The Golgi tendon reflex

Front 26

Encapsulated nerve endings that have at their ends numerous branches w/small swellings adjacent to bundles of collagen fibers in tendons.

Back 26

Golgi tendon organs

Front 27

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

Back 27

Near the muscle-tendon junction

Front 28

As a muscle ________, the attached tendons _____, resulting in increased _______ in the ______.

Back 28

contracts

stretch

tension

tendon

Front 29

What does the increased tension do?

Back 29

It stimulates action potentials in the sensory neurons from the Golgi tendon organs.

Front 30

Golgi tendon organs have a high threshold and are sensitive only to_______

Back 30

intense stretch

Front 31

How is the crossed extensor reflex adaptive?

Back 31

It helps prevent falls by shifting the weight of the body from the affected to the unaffected limb.

Front 32

give an example of a withdrawal reflex

Back 32

stepping on a sharp object would send a stimulus which would lead to you withdrawing your foot (withdrawal rflx) and extend the opposite leg to bear the weight (crossed extensor rflx) (shifting from one leg to the other)

Front 33

nerves arising from each region of the spinal cord and vertebral column supply ________________

Back 33

specific regions of the body

Front 34

The area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves.

Back 34

Dermatome

Front 35

all but what spinal nerve have a specific cutaneous sensory distribution?

Back 35

All but C1

Front 36

responsible for diaphragm movement

Back 36

Cervical nerves C1-C4

Front 37

Responsible for neck and shoulder movement

Back 37

Cervical nerves C4-C7

Front 38

Responsible for upper limb movement

Back 38

Cervical and Thoracic nerves C5-T2

Front 39

Responsible for rib movement in breathing, vertebral column movement, & tone in postural back muscles.

Back 39

Thoracic nerves T1-T12

Front 40

Resp for hip movement

Back 40

Thoracic/lumbar nerves T11-L3

Front 41

Resp for lower limb movement

Back 41

Lumbar/sacral nerves L2-sacral nerve

Front 42

one of the most important derivatives of the cervical plexus is the

Back 42

Phrenic nerve

Front 43

where does the phrenic nerve originate and derived from?

Back 43

From spinal nerves C3-C5 and is derived from both the cervical and brachial plexuses.

Front 44

The phrenic nerves ______ to enter the _____ and then __________ along the sides of the ______ to reach the ________, which they innervate.

Back 44

descend along each side of the neck, thorax

descend, mediastenium

diaphragm

Front 45

what is contraction of the diaphragm largely responsible for?

Back 45

a person's ability to breathe

Front 46

damage to or compression of (like a tumor at the base of the lung) the phrenic nerve

Back 46

severely limits breathing

Front 47

what is the most common type of cancer in men?

Back 47

cancer of the bronchus, accounting for about %30 of all male cancers (often because of smoking).

Front 48

Emerges from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and descends within the deep aspect of the posterior arm.

Back 48

The radial nerve

Front 49

where does the radial nerve lay?

Back 49

midway down the shaft of the humerus, against the bone of the radial groove.

Front 50

Test question!!!!

This nerve innervates all of the extensor muscles of the upper limb, the supinator muscle, and the brachioradialis.

Back 50

The Radial Nerve

Front 51

the cutaneous sensory distribution of the radial nerve is to the

Back 51

Posterior portion of the upper limb

Front 52

Test question!!!!

The skin on the back (posterior) surface of the hand is supplied by the

Back 52

E. none of the above

Should be Radial nerve.

Front 53

Originate from spinal segments L4-S3 and are bound together within a connective tissue sheath for the length of the thigh

Back 53

The tibial and common fibular nerves

Front 54

These two nerves, combined within the same sheath, are referred jointly as the

Back 54

Sciatic nerve or ischiadic nerve

Front 55

What is the largest peripheral nerve in the body?

Back 55

The sciatic nerve

Front 56

describe the rout of the sciatic nerve

Back 56

passes through the greater sciatic notch in the pelvis & descends in the posterior thigh to the popliteal fossa, where the 2 portions of the sciatic nerve separate.

Front 57

The structure that anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord to the coccyx is the

Back 57

Filum terminale

Front 58

Axons of sensory neurons synapse with the cell bodies of interneurons in the _____ of spinal gray matter

Back 58

posterior horn

Front 59

A reflex response accompanied by the conscious sensation of pain is possible because of ____

Back 59

divergent pathways

Front 60

______ are responsible for regulating the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.

Back 60

Gamma motor neurons

Front 61

Which of these events occur when a person steps on tack with the right foot?

Back 61

The flexor muscles of the right thigh contract, and the extensor muscles of the right thigh relax because of reciprocal innervation.

Front 62

Damage to the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve results in

Back 62

loss of sensation and loss of motor function

Front 63

A collection of spinal nerves that join together after leaving the spinal cord is called a

Back 63

plexus

Front 64

A dermatome

Back 64

1. is the area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves

2. exists for each spinal nerve except C1

3. can be used to locate the site of spinal cord or nerve root damage

Front 65

which of these nerves arises from the cervical plexus?

Back 65

The phrenic nerve

Front 66

The sciatic nerve is actually 2 nerves combined within the same sheath. They are the_____

Back 66

common fibular (peroneal) and tibial

Front 67

The muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are supplied by the ______

Back 67

femoral nerve