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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What controls inheritance?
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genes
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Where are genes found?
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on chromosomes
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What is a chromosome?
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It is a structure made up of DNA and proteins together.
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What is DNA responsible for?
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Heredity
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What determines traits or inheritence?
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Oswald Avery found out that DNA is the transforming factor
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What did Fredderick Griffith establish?
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"Transforming factor"
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What happened in Griffith's experiment?
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The heated bad bacteria which was now good bacteria changed the good bacteria into bad bacteria when they combined and the mouse died
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What did Oswald Avery do?
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He added protein destroying enzymes and DNA destroying enzymes and found that when proteins were destroyed the thing was still transforming so he found out that the transforming factor was DNA
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What is DNA?
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a nucleic acid
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What is a nucleic acid?
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a polymer
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What are nucleotides?
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Monomers
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What does each nucleotide consist of?
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a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base
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What determines your genes?
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The order of your nucleotides
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What was Chargaff's rule?
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Addenine=thymine and Guanine=cytosine
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What is the first step of DNA unzipping and replicating?
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DNA must first unwind itself.
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What is the special thing that unwinds DNA?
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The DNA helicase.
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What is the second step of DNA unzipping and replicating itself?
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Enzyme will read each strand of DNA
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What is the job of the DNA polymerase?
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Job of copying all the DNA.
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What is transformation?
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process of when one strain of bacteria changes into another.
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What result from Griffiths experiment suggested that the cause of pneumonia was not a chemical poison released by the disease causing bacteria?
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The mice survived after being injected with the heat killed disease causing bacteria.
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What factor did Avery find tone the transforming factor?
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DNA
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Why did scientists begin studying the structure of DNA?
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To learn how it can carry information, determine an organisms traits and replicate itself.
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DNA is a long molecule made up of what?
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Nucleotides
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What kind of bonds hold together the to DNA strands?
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Hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine.
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What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder?
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The phosphate backbone.
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Where is DNA found in single celled organisms?
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In the cytoplasm and it is usually one circular DNA molecule.
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Ho many chromosomes do organisms have?
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Th DNA is organized into different number of chromosomes depending on the organism.
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Why do DNA molecules need to be tightly folded?
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To fit inside cells because they are very long.
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The DNA and histones wind together to form what?
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Nucleosomes
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How does a cell copy its DNA?
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A process called replication before the cell divides.
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What helps carry out DNA replication?
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Enzymes
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What is a DNA polymerase?
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Its an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce the DNA molecule. It also checks that the correct nucleotide is added.
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In order for a gene to work what must happen?
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The genetic instructions in the DNA molecule must be decoded.
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What i the first step of DNA decoding?
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To copy the DNA sequence into RNA.
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What does RNA allow the gene to do?
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It allows a single gene in a DNA molecule to make hundreds of copies.
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What are the three differences of DNA and RNA?
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1. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxy ribose.
2. RNA is single stranded. 3. RNA has uracell in place of thymine. |
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What are the three types of RNA molecules?
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1. Messenger RNA
2. Ribosomal RNA 3. Transfer RNA |
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What does messenger RNA do?
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It has the instructions to put together amino acids to make a protein.
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What does Ribosomal RNA do?
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Proteins are put together on the ribosomes and ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA.
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What does transfer RNA do?
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It carries each amino acid to the ribosome, according to the coded message and the messenger RNA.
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During what process is RNA copied from DNA?
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Transcription
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What binds to DNA and separates the two strands?
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THe enzyme RNA polymerase
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What does the RNA polymerase build?
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It builds a strand of RNA using one strand of DNA as the template.
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What is the promoter?
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The sequence of DNA that signals the RNA polymerase where to bind and start making RNA.
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Where are the instructions for making proteins found?
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In the order of the four nitrogenous bases.
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How is the code read?
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Three letters, or nucleotides, at a time.
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What is a codon?
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A group of three nucleotides
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What does a codon specify?
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A certain amino acid that makes up a protein.
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How many codons is a start signal for translation?
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One
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How many codons signal the end of translation?
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Three
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What is translation?
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THe process in which the genetic code in RNA is used to make proteins.
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Where does translation take place?
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It takes place on ribosomes.
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What happens before translation begins?
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A messenger RNA is transcribed from the DNA. Then the messenger RNA moves into the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.
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What happens as each codon on the messenger RNA moves through the ribosome?
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The The proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by transfer RNA.
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What does the ribosome joins with?
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Each amino acid. This is how the protein chain grows.
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WHat happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon?
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It falls away from the protein chain and the messenger RNA molecule. Transcription has ended.
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What are mutations?
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Changes in the sequence of DNA.
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What are gene mutations?
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Changes in a single gene. They occur at a single point in the DNA sequence and are called point mutations. When a point mutation causes one base to replace another, only one amino acid is affected.
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What are chromosomal mutations?
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They cause changes in whole chromosomes.
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What happens if a nucleotide is added or taken away?
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A frameshift mutation occurs. All the groupings of three nucleotides, or codons, or changed. This can cause the gene to produce a completely different protein.
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WHat happens in a chromosomal mutation?
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THere is a change in the number or the structure of chromosomes. There are four kinds of chromosomal mutations: deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
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What causes prokaryotes to turn off and on?
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A section of a chromosome called an operon.
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What is an operon?
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An operon is a group of genes that work together.
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What are two sequences of DNA in the operon that control when genes are turned on and off?
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The operator and the promoter.
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What happens when the cell needs a certain protein?
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RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and produces a messenger RNA that is translated into the needed protein.
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What happens when the cell no longer needs the protein?
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It makes another special protein called the repressor.
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What does the repressor do?
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It attaches to the operator, blocking the promoter so that RNA polymerase cannot attach to it. This turns the operon off.
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What turns a gene on an off in an eukaryote?
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One system uses a protein that binds directly to DNA. This either starts or increases the transcription of certain genes.
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