Chapter 12

Front 1

Little Ice Age

Back 1

There was a large number of storms which brought a lot of rain to Europe. The wheat, hay, and oat crops were ruined by the storms which everyone needed to survive.

Front 2

1315-1322

Back 2

This is when the Great Famine took place. Twenty-five percent of the harvests were poor. There was hardly any food and many people starved.

Front 3

Black Death

Back 3

Also known as the bubonic plague, this disease spread through the areas around the Mediterranean around 1346, causing massive amounts of death. The disease was carried from Eastern Eurasia to Western Eurasia by rats.

Front 4

East Anglia

Back 4

The eastern part of England where aspects of the famine had been carefully analyzed. Some people were forced to sell or mortgage their homes in order to get money for food. Most people sold to their wealthy neighbors.

Front 5

Subsistence Agriculture

Back 5

Producing food for survival. Many people were forced to do this when torrential rand in 1310 ruined the harvest and brought famine in the province of Languedoc.

Front 6

Pasteurella pestis

Back 6

The name of the bacillus which caused the plague. It was discovered in 1894 by a French and Japanese bacteriologist. The bacteria lived in the blood of an animal and the stomach of a flee.

Front 7

Pneumonic Plague

Back 7

The form of the plague which was spread from person to person.

Front 8

Giovanni Bocaccio

Back 8

Wrote a book called The Decameron which described the Black Death and how it spread.

Front 9

Agrarian Economy

Back 9

An economy based on agriculture. England's agrarian economy was very resilient during the Black Plague. The reason for this is that England's population went down because of the plague and it was, therefore, able to have enough food for its people.

Front 10

Flagellants

Back 10

people who whipped themselves as punishment because they believed the Black Death was the Christian god's punishment for wickedness

Front 11

The Hundred Years' War

Back 11

The wars lasted from 1337 until 1453. It was a war between England and France which began after France confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine.

Front 12

Capetian Dynasty

Back 12

The Capetian Dynasty started with Philip the Fair. The dynasty died out in 1328 when the last remaining heir, Charles IV of France, died without an heir.

Front 13

Queen Isabella

Back 13

She and her lover, Mortimer, killed her husband, King Edward II in 1327. She proclaimed her son King Edward III and she and Mortimer held real power until 1330.

Front 14

Salic Law

Back 14

Says that neither females nor descendants of females can succeed to the French monarchy. This was used so neither Isabella nor her son, King Edward III, could take over the French throne.

Front 15

Edward II

Back 15

The King of England who was killed by his wife, Isabella, for being incompetent.

Front 16

Edward III

Back 16

Son of Edward II and Isabella who became King by name at the age of 15 when his father was murdered and who gained true power at the age of 18.

Front 17

Aquitaine

Back 17

An area in present-day France which was claimed by England as an ancient inheritance. Edward III paid homage for the area, but Philip VI confiscated the duchy, which helped start the Hundred Years' War.

Front 18

Philip VI of Valois

Back 18

He was the king of France who confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine which started the Hundred Years' War.

Front 19

The Dauphin

Back 19

What the eldest son of the king of France is called.

Front 20

Joan of Arc

Back 20

Helped inspire the French to take back the land they lost to the English. Convinced Charles VII that he wasn't illegitimate and that he should go to fight in Orleans. By being at the battle, she increased the moral of the French troops.

Front 21

the “Commons”

Back 21

Name for the nights and the burgesses. The began to meet apart from the lords because they had similar interests.

Front 22

The Babylonian Captivity

Back 22

The name of the time period (1309-1376) when the pope lived in Avignon, France. This eventually led to the Great Schism.

Front 23

Papal States

Back 23

A collection of land owned by the pope.

Front 24

Avignon

Back 24

The city in France where the pope lived during the Babylonian Captivity.

Front 25

Simony

Back 25

The buying and selling of sacred objects. Pope Urban VI wanted to abolish this.

Front 26

Pluralism

Back 26

The act of holding multiple offices simultaneously. Pope Urban VI also wanted to abolish this.

Front 27

The Great Schism

Back 27

When there was Pope Urban VI and the antipope Clement VII, the latter living in Avignon.

Front 28

The Conciliar Movement and its foundations

Back 28

Followers of this movement wanted general assemblies to be held of Christian people from time to time in order to reform the Church. They wanted the pope to be the head of the Church, but not the absolute authority.

Front 29

Defensor Pacis

Back 29

Meaning The Defender of the Peace, this was a controversial work published in 1324. It said that the state was the Church was under the State when it came to unifying people.

Front 30

John Wyclif

Back 30

An English scholar who believed and wrote that people should interpret the Bible itself, not let the Pope interpret it. The first English bible was printed because of him.

Front 31

Lollards

Back 31

Wyclif's followers were known as Lollards. To loll means “mumblers of prayers and psalms.” Lollards allowed women to preach.

Front 32

Council at Pisa (1409)

Back 32

A gathering by the two colleges of Cardinals (from Rome and Avignon), held to decide on who the pope would be. They picked a new pope, but the first two wouldn't step down, so there was now three popes.

Front 33

Council of Constance (1414-1418)

Back 33

A gathering which had three goals: to end the schism, to reform the Church, and to wipe out heresy. All three popes were removed from power and a new pope, Martin V, was chosen, ending the Great Schism.

Front 34

Jan Hus

Back 34

A priest who taught Wyclif's works. These teachings were considered heretical, but he taught them anyway. Jan was eventually caught and burned at the stake.

Front 35

Martin V

Back 35

The new pope chosen at the Council of Constance in order to replace the three current popes.

Front 36

Merchet

Back 36

A fine paid to the fiancee of a women by her parents to his Lord, since the Lord would lose him as a worker.

Front 37

Peasant Revolt in England of 1381

Back 37

Hundreds of thousands of peasants revolted because they wanted higher wages. Was probably the largest uprising during the Middle Ages.

Front 38

Dante Alighieri

Back 38

The man who wrote the Divine Comedy. It's called a comedy, but is really a tragedy.