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is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe.

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United Kingdom

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is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth

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Ireland

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sometimes officially called Republic of Iceland by foreign authorities[4][5][6] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland,

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Iceland

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officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island

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Norway

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officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

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Sweden

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officially the Republic of Finland,[5] is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.

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Finland

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is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting of the country of Denmark

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Denmark

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the movement of people into one country to take up permanent residence

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Immigrant

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one who flees his or her home for safety

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Refugees

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in medieval Europe and Japan, a system of goverment in which powerful lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty

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Feudalism

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religious movement that began in Germany in the 1400s, leading to the establishment of protestant churches

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Reformation

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z movement during the 1700s that emphased the importance of reason and questioned traditions and values

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Enlightenment

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the rapid major change in the economy with the introduction of power-driven machinery

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Industrial Revolution

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society based on equality in which workers control industrial production

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Communism

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power struggle between the soviety union and the united states after world war 2

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Cold War

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an organizatoin whose goal is to unite Europe so that goods, services, and workers can move freely amoung member coutnries

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European Union

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nation in which the government assumes major responsibilty for people's well being in areas such as health and education

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Welfare states

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artistic style emphasizing individual emotions that develops in europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s as a reaction toindustrialation

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Romanticism

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is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans

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France

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is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean.

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Netherlands

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officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters,

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Belgium

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in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons,

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Switzerland

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were a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church, with the main goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem.

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Crusades

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is replenishment of a previously inflicted loss by the criminal to the victim. Monetary restitution is a common form of reparation. Reparation through community service is based on the collectivist notion of society as a singular entity that is capable of being victimized, or on the notion of the State as the victim of all crime.

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Reparations

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also known as the Shoah (Hebrew: השואה, HaShoah, "catastrophe"; Yiddish: חורבן, Churben or Hurban,[3] from the Hebrew for "destruction"),

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Holocaust

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is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland

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Luxembourg

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in the visual arts and literature refers to the general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective reality,

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Realism

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was a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s in spite of harsh opposition from the art community in France.

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Impressionism

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is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps.

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Italy

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is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

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Spain

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also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra,[9] (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe,

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Andorra

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Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece, generally considered the cradle of Western civilization. As such it is the birthplace of democracy,[

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Greece

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Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale

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Portugal

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in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (pronounced [ˈstaːto della t͡ʃitˈta del vatiˈkaːno]),[15] is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares

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Vatican City

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is an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government. A city-state can also be defined as a central city and its surrounding villages, which together follow the same law, have one form of government, and share languages, religious beliefs, and ways of life.

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City states

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French pronunciation: [ʁənɛsɑ̃ːs], Italian: Rinascimento, French: Renaissance, from rinascere "to be reborn")[1] was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century,

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Rennaissance

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is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans.

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Serbia

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is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Albania to the southeast, and Kosovo to the east.[4] Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.[5]

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Montenegro

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is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Sarajevo. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south,

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Bosnia

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While there is no official border distinguishing it from the Bosnian region, it is generally accepted that the borders of the region are Croatia to the west,

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Herzegovina

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officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe,

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Croatia

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officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija] ( listen)), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west,

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Slovenia

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officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland,

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Estonia

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officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states.

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Lithuania

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officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a parliamentary republic in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west

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Bulgaria

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officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe,[7] bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west,

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Belarus

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is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea.

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Romania

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is a geopolitical term, originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other[1], and it is considered pejorative.

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Balkanization

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is a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas

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Ethnic cleansing