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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Integumentary system is the organ system that includes...
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skin and its appendages or derivatives, including hair, nails, and related galnds.
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What relatively flat organ houses the tactile system and is the largest organ by weight?
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The skin
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There are approximately how many sensory recptors going from the skin and enter into the spinal cord?
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One and a half million (more than)
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Skin is classified as what type of membrane?
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Cutaneous
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Similar to a cell, this organ defines our parameters
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The skin
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What are the seven primary functions of the skin?
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Protection, absorption, sensation, body temperature regulation, waste elimination, vitamin D systhesis and immunity
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Protection
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One of the primary functions of the skin. Acts as a physical, chemical, and biological border.
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Absorption
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One of the primary functions of the skin. Skin has limited absorption properties. Substances that can be absorbed by the skin are fat-soluble substances, fat-soluble vitamins, steriods, resions of certain plants, organic solvents, and salts of heavy metals.
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Sensation
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One of the primary functions of the skin. Skin is considered an extension of the nervous system; it recieves stimuli such as pressure, pain and temperature for external enviornments.
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What is the most fundamental of all the senses?
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Touch
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Body temperature regulation
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One of the primary functions of the skin. An increase in blood circulation to the skin's surface creates the property of temperature regulation; the dermis plays a big role in this function
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Waste elimination
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One of the primary functions of the skin. The skin functions as a multi-excretory system, eliminating wastes through perspiration.
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Sweat, a waste product, is a mixture of ___% water and ___% solids
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98% and 2%
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Urine is a misture of ___% water and ___% solids
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96% and 4%
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Viatmin D syntesis
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Ond of the primary finctions of the skin. Located in the skin are precursor molecules that are converted by UV rays into vitamin D. Vitamin D helps stimulate absorption of calcium and phosphorus from food.
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Immunity
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One of the primary functions of the skin. Anatomical and physiological defense reactions to invading microorganisms. Specialized cells called Langerhans cells are found in the skin and help destroy pathogens. Additionally, Langerhans help helper T cells trigger immunological reactions.
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The skin is divided into what two regions?
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The epidermis and the dermis
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Epidermis
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Outer layer of the skin that contains pigment cells called melanocytes, as well as pores, to allow passage for hair and specialized glands
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The epidermis is derived from what same cell layer that gives us the brain, spinal cord and special senses?
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The ectoderm
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Composed soley of what kind of tissue, the epidermis is relativelty avascular?
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Epithelial tissue
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The entire life cycle of skin cells from birth to death is ___ to ___ days?
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21 to 27
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What are the three types of epidermal cells?
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Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and langerhans cells
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Keratinocyte
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Epidermal cell filled with a tough, fibrous protein called keratin that provides protection by water-proofing the skins surface.
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Melanocytes
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Epidermal cells that contribute to the skin's color; also found in the hair and eye's iris
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Langerhans Cell
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Epidermal cell thoguht to play a limited role in immunologic reactions
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Water proofing surves as a dual purpose:
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Keeping water in and keeping water out
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These epidermal cells make up nore than 90% of epidermal cells and form the principal structures of outer skin;
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Kerationcytes or Keratin
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These cells are dead and begin shedding at the skin's surface, only to be replaced by cells from deeper epidermal layers;
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Kerationcytes or Keratin
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Mucose simply lacks the skin's ______.
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Keratinization
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______ serves to decrease the amount of UV light that can penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin
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Melanin
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What two factors determine the amount of melanin produced in one individual?
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The melanocyte -producing hormore from the petuitary gland and genetics
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What stimiulates the formation of pigment and causes darkening of the melanin granules?
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UV light
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What is present on the skin when melanin is concentrated in one area?
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Freckles and moles
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Albinisim
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a genetic condition in which the individual cannot produce melanin
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Vitiligo
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the partial or total loss of skin pigmentation, which occurs in patches. May be a result od a deep burn or scar that damages the melanocytes. Remains white and will not tan
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Chloasma
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the darkening of the skin and throat during pregnancy
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These cells originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the deep layers of the epidermis in their early life;
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Langerhan cells
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What are the five epidermal layers or strata?
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Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum iucidum, and stratum corneum
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Stratum Germinativum
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Or Stratum Basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis. This layer undergoes continuous cell division and generates all other layers.
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Which layer of the epidermis contains merkel disks, which are nerve endings responding to superficial pressure?
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Stratum germinativum (basale)
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Stratum Spinosum
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Or prickly layer, is a bonding transitional layer between the stratum granulosum and the stratum germinativum, possessing cells of both layers.
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Stratum Granulosum
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A layer of cells containing an accumulation of keratin granules distinguishes the stratum granulosum under a microscope. This layer is three to five cells deep, depending on the thickness of the skin. This layer also marks the beginning of change before the drying of the tissue
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Stratum Iucidum
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In the thick skin of the hands and feet, a translucent layer is found between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum; this layer also contains calls that are keretinized.
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In thin skin, which epidermal layer is absent?
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Stratum Iucidum
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Stratum Corneum
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This layer is the outermost layer of the skin. By the time these epithelial cells reach the surface, they are no longer living cells. These cells are also completely kertainized.
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As the surface of the ______ ______ are lost, replacement of keratinocytes by cell division is occurring in the _____ _____.
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Stratum corneum/ stratum germinativum
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Cells push upward fro the Stratum germinativum into each consecutive layer, ______, ____ ___ and eventually _____ (fall away), as did their predecessors.
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die, become keratinized, desquamate
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Current research suggests the surface of the epidermis is renewed approximately every __ days.
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35
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What is the specialized area where the cells of the dermis and epidermis meet called?
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The dermal-epidermal junction, it is easily identified with a electron microscope.
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Dermis
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known as the corium or hide, is the true skin laying under the epidermis possessing a network of nerves and vessels. The network of nerves and nerve endings in the dermis recieve sensory information such as pain, pressure, touch, and temperature.
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Located at various leves of the dermis are _____, ______, _____ and _________ and ___________ that help supply the epidermis with nutrients.
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muscles, hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, and numerous blood vessels
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Collagen
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The main component of connective tissue, is an insoluble, fibrous protein that constitutes approximately 70% of the dermis and offers support to the nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles and glands.
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Elastin
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Pliable fibers within the collagen fibers which gives the skin its elasticity and resilience.
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The loss of elasticity can be accelerated by;
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excessive ecposure to UV rays
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Like the epidermis, do the cells of the dermis continually shed and regenerate itself?
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No
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Scar
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When the fibroblasts in the dermis quickly reproduce and begin forming a dense collection of new connective tissue after an injury. This is the only case in which the dermis will reproduce.
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Subcutaneous Layer
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Also know as superficial fascia or hyodermis, it is the layer beneath the dermis; it is rich in fat and areolar connective tissue.
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Which layer of the skin contains the nerve receptors called Krause end Bulbs and Ruffini end Organs as well as a band of adipose tissue called the panniculus adiposus?
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Subcutaneous layer
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Skin color variations are the result of what factors?
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(1) Melanin (2) Amount of oxygen present in the capillaries of the dermis (3) Presence of the pigment bilirubin in the blood (4) Presence of pigment carotene in the skin
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What condition gives the skin a rosy cast to a blue or purple cast?
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Cyanosis (excessice amount of deoxygenated blood)
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The presence of what pigment in the blood can produce the yellowish appearance of jaundice?
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Bilirubin
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The presence of which pigment in the skin produces the yellowing apperance of asians?
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carotene
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Name the three appendages of the skin
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Hair, nails, and glands
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What is hair made up of?
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Keratin filaments arising from a specialized follicle in the dermis
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Hair follicle
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The pouchlike structures in the skin from which the hair grows
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What parts of the body are hairless?
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The palms, hands, soles of the feet, lips, nipples, and some areas of the gentalia.
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Where are the areas of heavier concentrations of hair?
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Axillae, scalp, external genetalia, and above eyes and eyelids.
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A round shaft of hair produces what kind of hair?
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Striaght
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A oval shaft of hair produces what kind of hair?
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Wavy
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A flat, ribbon-like shaft of hair produces what kind of hair?
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Curly or kinky
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In which kind of hair is there no medulla (inner core) present?
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Fine hair
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All shades of hair color come from one or a combination of the three colors of melanin:
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Brown, yellow, and black
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Red hair is a combination of which pigments?
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Brown and yellow
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White hair is the result of?
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Air in the hair follicle itself
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When does gray hair occur?
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when the amount of melanin deposited in the hair decreases or is absent.
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Arrector Pilli
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the muscles of the hair. these tiny muscles contract when you are cold or experiencing emotions such a fright of anxiety.
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What are the three glands of the skin?
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Sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and cercuminous glands
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Sebaceous (oil) Glands
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Known as oil glands, secrete sebum that lubricates both the hair and epidermis.
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What is the best massage movement for sebaceous gland stimulation?
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Friction
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Sudoriferous (sweat) Glands
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Secrete sweat or perspiration in response to excess heat or emotional arrousal
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The skins surface possesses approximately how many sweat glands?
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2 million
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What are the primary functions of sudoriferous glands?
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To regulate body temperature and eliminate waste products.
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What two groups can sweat glands be classified into?
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(1) Eccrine (2) Apocrine
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Eccrine Sweat Glands
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The most numerous, widespread, and important sweat glands. They produce a more watery fluid called sweat, which is rich in numerous wastes. Do not exsist on the lips, ear canal, the glans penis, and nail beds.
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Apocrine Sweat Glands
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Located on the deep subcutaneous layer in the axillary region, the areola of the breast, and the pigmented skin around the anus. They are much larger then eccrine glands and joint hair follicles; enlarging at puberty, they also produce a more viscous and colored secretion then accrine glands.
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What is the cause of the ordor produced by sweat glands?
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It is mainly the result of decomposition of the apocrine sweat by skin bacteria
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Ceruminous Glands
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A special variety of modified apocrine glands the release its secretion of the surface of the external ear canal, they secrete waxy cerumen instead of sweat
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Nails
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Heavily keratinized, nonliving tissue that forms the thin plates found on the distal surfaces of the fingers and toes.
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What are the two main functions of the nail?
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(1) Protection of the ends of the fingers and (2) Use as a tool for tasks such as digging, scratching, and manipulation of objects.
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If the blood contains an insufficient amount of oxygen, the nails appear..
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Bluish purple or cyanotic
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Nail Body
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Most visible part of the nail.
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Nail Bed
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The skin beneath the nail
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Nail Root
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Where nail production takes place
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Lateral Nail Folds
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The edges of the nail where they meet the skin at the sides of the nail
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Cuticle
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Or eponychium, is the rough ridge of skin that grows out over the nail from its base
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Lunula
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The whitish half-moon shape at the nail base
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Free Edge of the Nail
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The most distal part of the nail which is trimmed as a result of growth
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In what part of the nail do hangnails occur?
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The lateral nail folds
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What part of the brain detects touch?
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The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
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The brain functions as a large conductor of informations such as...
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Heat, cold, pressure, movement and touch
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Discriminative touch
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touch that is subtle and can easily be located on the skin
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Crude touch
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Touch that is more easily identified but more difficult to detect on the skin
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