Chapter 11 Vocab/concepts

Front 1

the cardiovascular system provides a mechanism for rapid transport...

Back 1

(small embryos don't need them)

of nutrients, waste products, repiratory gases (O2&CO2), and cells

Front 2

Blood (fluid connective tissue) Functions

Back 2

transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes; regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; restricting fluid loss at injury sites; defending body against toxins and pathogens; and regulating body temp. by absorbing and redistributing heat

Front 3

The Composition of Blood

Back 3

Plasma (46-63%) and formed elements comprise whole blood--red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Front 4

Blood Volume

Back 4

liters = 7% body wgt (kg)
adult male = 5-6 liters
adult woman = 4-5 liters

Front 5

PLASMA

Back 5

accounts for 50-60% of blood volume; 90% of plasma is water; higher concentration of dissolbed oxygen and carbon dioxide; plasma proteins do not pass through capillary walls

Front 6

3 primary types of plasma proteins...

Back 6

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

Front 7

GLOBULINS

Back 7

35% of plasma proteins; include immunoglobulins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens; include transport globulins which bind ions, hormones, and other components

Front 8

FIBRINOGEN

Back 8

4% of plasma proteins; converted to fibrin during clotting; removal of fibrinogen leaves serum

Front 9

ALBUMINS

Back 9

60% of plasma proteins; transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones

Front 10

Measuring RBCs:
-RBC Count & Normal amt
-Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV) & Normal Count

Back 10

RBC Count--reports # of RBCs in 1 microliter whole blood
[male:4.5-6.3 million; female:4-5.5 million]
Hematocrit--percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood
[male:4-52; female:3-47]

Front 11

Structure of RBCs

Back 11

biconcave disc, providing a lg surface to volume ratio; make up 99.9% of the formed elements; shape allows RBCs to stack, bend, and flex; lack organelles; typically degenerate in about 120 days.

Front 12

Shape of a Sickle Cell

Back 12

Half-moon---make it clog easily...blah blah blah

Front 13

RBC Production:

What's erythropoeisis?

Back 13

formation of new red blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow; process speeds up w/presence of EPO (hormone); go on to reticulocyte and erythroblast stages until fully mature

Front 14

Components:

Building RBCs requires...

Back 14

amino acids, iron, vitabin B12 & B5, and folic acid (all from diet)

Front 15

Hemoglobin

Back 15

(Hb) acct. for 95% of proteins in RBCs; a globular protein, formed from 2 pairs of polypeptide subunits; each subunit contains a molecule of hemem which reversibly binds to an 02 molecule; damaged or dead RBCs are recycled by phagocytes; they transport respiratory gases and a normal male has 14-18 g/dl whole blood

Front 16

Hb Structure

Back 16

4 globular protein subunits each with 1 molecule of heme, each heme contains 1 iron ion, which easily associate with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) or dissociate with oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin)

Front 17

Fetal Hb

Back 17

strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos; takes oxygen from mother's hemoglobin

Front 18

Carbaminohemoglobin

Back 18

w/low oxygen (peripheral capillaries) hemoglobin releases oxygen and bins carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs

Front 19

RBC Life Span and Circulation

Back 19

replaced at rate of approx. 3 million new blood cell entering circulation/second; replaced before they hemolyze; components of hb are individually recycled (heme stripped of Fe and converted to biliverdin then bilirubin) Fe is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin

Front 20

Recycling RBCs

Back 20

1% of circulating RBCs wear out per day (about 3 million RBCs/second); Macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor RBCs and engulf RBCs before membranes rupture (hemolyze)

Front 21

Fe Recycling

Back 21

to transport proteins (transferrin) and to storage proteins (feritin and hemosiderin)

Front 22

Breakdown of biliverdin

Back 22

biliverdin (green) is converted to bilirubin (yellow)

Front 23

bilirubin is...

Back 23

excreted by liver (bile); jaundice is caused by bilirubin buildup; converted to intestinal bacteria to urobilins and stercobilins

Front 24

blood types are determined how?

Back 24

genetically by presence/absence of RBC surface antigens (A,B,Rh)

Front 25

Surface Antigens

Back 25

cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system; normal cells are ignored and foreign cells attacked

Front 26

4 basic blood types

Back 26

A (surface antigen A); B ("B); AB ("AB); 0 (neither A or B)

Front 27

Agglutinogens

Back 27

antigens on surface of RBCs; screened by immune system; plasma antibodies attack (agglutinate) foreigh antigens

Front 28

The Rh Factor

Back 28

also called D antigen; either Rh+ oro Rh-; only sensitized Rh- blood has anti-Rh antibodies

Front 29

Rh Factors and Pregnancy

Back 29

first time difference ok, second time difference NOT ok

Front 30

Cross-Reaction

Back 30

also called transfusion reaction (given wrong blood-type); plasma antibody (agglutinin); blood will agglutinate and hemolyze; if donor and recipient blood types not compatible

Front 31

Cross-Match Test

Back 31

performed on donor and recipient blood for compatibility; w/out cross-match, type 0- is universal donor

Front 32

WBC

Back 32

also called leukocytes; have nuclei and other organelles; defend body against pathogens; remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells; capable of amoeboid movement (margination) and positive chemotaxis; some are capable of phagocytosis

Front 33

WBC 5 Types

Back 33

neutrophil (first cell to reach cut--dies and releases chemical signal); eosinophil and basophil (granulocytes); monocyte and lymphocyte

Front 34

differential spread means...

Back 34

looking at different types

Front 35

platelets

Back 35

flattened discs; circulate for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes

Front 36

platelet functions

Back 36

transport chemicals imp. to blood clotting; forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood cells; contracting after a clot has formed

Front 37

platelet production

Back 37

(thrombocytopoiesis) 300,000 platelets in a microliter; megakaryocytes release platelets into circulating blood

Front 38

hemostasis does what? what are the three stages?

Back 38

prevents loss of blood; vascular, platelet, and coagulation

Front 39

Vascular Phase

Back 39

of hemostasis; local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm)

Front 40

Platelet phase

Back 40

hemostasis; platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, adhere to the damaged surfaces

Front 41

Coagulation phase

Back 41

factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact w/cloting factors to form a clot; suspended fibrinoge is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers

Front 42

Clot Retraction

Back 42

final phase of healing; platelets contract and pull the edges of the vessel together

Front 43

Age-Related Changes in the Blood

Back 43

decreased hematocrit; constriction or blockage of peripheral veins by a thrombus (stationary blood clot)--becomes detached and passes through heart