Chapter 11: The Respiratory System

Front 1

adenoids

Back 1

lymphatic tissue forming a prominence on the wall of the recess of the nasopharynx

Front 2

alveoli

Back 2

air cell of the lungs; known as the pulmonary parenchyma (functional units of the lungs)

Front 3

apex

Back 3

the upper portion of the lung, rising about 2.5-5 cm above the collarbone

Front 4

aphonia

Back 4

without sound

Front 5

asymptomatic

Back 5

without symptoms

Front 6

atelectasis

Back 6

incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung

Front 7

base

Back 7

the lowest part of the lung, resting on the diaphragm

Front 8

bronchi

Back 8

the two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs, providing the passageway for air movement

Front 9

bronchiole

Back 9

one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes

Front 10

bronchorrhea

Back 10

discharge or drainage from the bronchial tubes

Front 11

capillaries

Back 11

any of the minute (tiny) blood vessels. the capillaries connect the ends of the smallest arteries (arterioles) with the beginnings of the smallest veins (venules)

Front 12

diaphragm

Back 12

the musculomembranous wall separating the abdomen from the thoracic cavity

Front 13

epiglottis

Back 13

a thin, leaf-shaped structure located immediately posterior to the root of the tongue; covers the entrance of the larynx when the individual swallows

Front 14

glottis

Back 14

the sound-producing apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the two vocal folds and the intervening space (the epiglottis protects this opening).

Front 15

laryngalgia

Back 15

pain in the larynx

Front 16

laryngopharynx

Back 16

lower portion of the pharynx that extends from the vestibule of the larynx (the portion just above the vocal cords) to the lowermost cartilage of the larynx

Front 17

larynx

Back 17

the enlarged upper end of the trachea below the root of the tongue; the voice box

Front 18

mediastinum

Back 18

the mass of organs and tissues separating the lungs. it contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, and bronchi

Front 19

nares

Back 19

external nostrils

Front 20

nasopharynx

Back 20

part of the pharynx located above the soft palate (postnasal space)

Front 21

oropharynx

Back 21

central portion of the pharynx lying between the soft palate and upper portion of the epiglottis

Front 22

palatine tonsils

Back 22

lymphatic tissue located in the depression of the mucous membrane of fauces (the constricted opening leading from the mouth and the oral pharynx) and the pharynx

Front 23

paranasal sinuses

Back 23

hollow areas or cavities within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity

Front 24

parietal pleura

Back 24

portion of the pleura that is closest to the ribs

Front 25

pharynx

Back 25

passageway for air from nasal cavity to larynx and food from mouth to esophagus. serves both the respiratory and digestive systems; the throat

Front 26

phrenic nerve

Back 26

the nerve known as the motor nerve to the diaphragm

Front 27

pleura

Back 27

the double-folded membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

Front 28

pleural space

Back 28

the space that separates the visceral and parietal pleurae, which contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant to the pleural surfaces during respiration

Front 29

pleurodynia

Back 29

pain in the pleura that occurs when the inflamed pleural membranes rub together during the breathing process

Front 30

pneumoconiosis

Back 30

a lung condition resulting from inhalation of dust; such as industrial dusts of iron ore or coal

Front 31

pulmonary parenchyma

Back 31

the functional units of the lungs (for example, the alveoli) which have very thin walls that allow for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

Front 32

septum

Back 32

a wall dividing two cavities

Front 33

sputum

Back 33

substance coughed up from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea that is expelled through the mouth; sputum is not the same as saliva, which is secreted by the salivary glands

Front 34

thoracotomy

Back 34

a surgical incision into the chest wall, to open the chest, usually in order to gain access to the lungs or heart

Front 35

thorax

Back 35

the chest; that part of the body between the base of the neck and the diaphragm

Front 36

trachea

Back 36

a cylinder-shaped tube lined with rings of cartilage (to keep it open) that is 4.5 inches long, from the larynx to the bronchial tubes; the windpipe

Front 37

visceral pleura

Back 37

portion of the pleura that is closest to the internal organs

Front 38

alveol/o

Back 38

alveolus

Front 39

atel/o

Back 39

imperfect or incomplete

Front 40

bronch/o , bronchiol/o

Back 40

bronchus

Front 41

-dynia

Back 41

pain

Front 42

-ectasis

Back 42

stretching or dilation

Front 43

epiglott/o

Back 43

epiglottis

Front 44

laryng/o

Back 44

larynx

Front 45

nas/o

Back 45

nose

Front 46

orth/o

Back 46

straight

Front 47

pharyng/o

Back 47

pharynx

Front 48

phon/o

Back 48

sound

Front 49

phren/o

Back 49

mind; also refers to the diaphragm

Front 50

pleur/o

Back 50

pleura

Front 51

pne/o

Back 51

breathing

Front 52

pneum/o , pneumon/o

Back 52

lungs; air

Front 53

pulmon/o

Back 53

lungs

Front 54

rhin/o

Back 54

nose

Front 55

-rrhea

Back 55

discharge or flow

Front 56

-scope

Back 56

an instrument to view

Front 57

sinus/o

Back 57

sinus

Front 58

thor/a , thorac/o

Back 58

chest

Front 59

trache/o

Back 59

trachea

Front 60

apnea

Back 60

without breathing

Front 61

bradypnea

Back 61

abnormally slow breathing

Front 62

cough

Back 62

a forceful and sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration. the glottis is partially closed, the accessory muscles of expiration are brought into action, and the air is noisily expelled

Front 63

cyanosis

Back 63

slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark discoloration of the skin due to presence of abnormal amounts of reduced Hgb in the blood

Front 64

dysphonia

Back 64

difficulty in speaking; hoarseness

Front 65

dyspnea

Back 65

air hunger resulting in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain

Front 66

epistaxis

Back 66

hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed

Front 67

expectoration

Back 67

the act of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs

Front 68

hemoptysis

Back 68

expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs

Front 69

hypercapnia

Back 69

increased amount of co2 in the blood

Front 70

hypoxemia

Back 70

insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood

Front 71

hypoxia

Back 71

deficiency of oxygen to the tissues, usually due to hypoxemia

Front 72

Kussmaul respirations

Back 72

a very deep, gasping type of respiration typically associated with severe diabetic acidosis

Front 73

orthopnea

Back 73

respiratory condition in which there is difficulty in breathing in any but erect, sitting, or standing position

Front 74

pleural rub

Back 74

friction rub caused by inflammation of the pleural space

Front 75

rales

Back 75

an abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by passage of air through bronchi that contain secretion or exudate or that are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls; aka crackles

Front 76

rhinorrhea

Back 76

a thin, watery discharge from the nose

Front 77

rhonchi

Back 77

rattlings in the throat, especially when it resembles snoring

Front 78

sneeze

Back 78

to expel air forcibly through the nose and mouth by spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration due to irritation of nasal mucosa

Front 79

stridor

Back 79

harsh sound during respiration: high-pitched and resembling the blowing of wind, due to obstruction of air passages

Front 80

tachypnea

Back 80

abnormal rapidity of breathing

Front 81

wheeze

Back 81

a whistling sound or sighing sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of a respiratory passageway

Front 82

coryza

Back 82

inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, known as rhinitis or the common cold. the term common cold is usually used when referring to symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection

Front 83

croup

Back 83

a childhood disease characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, tachypnea, inspiratory stridor, and laryngeal spasm

Front 84

diphtheria

Back 84

serious infectious disease affecting the nose, pharynx, or larynx, usually resulting in sore throat, dysphonia, and fever. the disease is caused by the Corynebacteriuim diphtheriae bacterium, which forms a white coating over the affected airways as it multiplies

Front 85

laryngitis

Back 85

inflammation of the larynx, usually resulting in dysphonia (hoarseness), cough and difficulty swallowing

Front 86

pertussis

Back 86

an acute upper respiratory infectious disease caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium; "whooping cough"

Front 87

pharyngitis

Back 87

inflammation of the pharynx, usually resulting in sore throat

Front 88

rhinitis

Back 88

inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, usually resulting in obstruction of the nasal passages, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and facial pressure or pain, also known as coryza

Front 89

tonsillitis

Back 89

inflammation of the palatine tonsils, located in the area of the oropharynx

Front 90

asthma

Back 90

paroxysmal dyspnea accompanied by wheezing caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane

Front 91

bronchiectasis

Back 91

chronic dilation of a bronchus or bronchi, with secondary infection that usually involves the lower portion of the lung

Front 92

bronchitis

Back 92

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. infection is often preceded by the common cold

Front 93

bronchogenic carcinoma

Back 93

a malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi; lung cancer

Front 94

emphysema

Back 94

a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by increase beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, either from dilation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls

Front 95

empyema

Back 95

pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity (pyothorax); usually the result of a primary infection in the lungs

Front 96

hyaline membrane disease

Back 96

aka respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the premature infant, hyaline membrane disease is severe impairment of the function of respiration in the premature newborn. this condition is rarely present in a newborn of greater than 37 weeks' gestation or in one weighing at least 5 lbs

Front 97

influenza

Back 97

a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract transmitted by airborne droplet infection; aka the flu. Influenza can occur in isolated cases or can be epidemic. the incubation period is usually 1-3 days after exposure

Front 98

lung abscess

Back 98

a localized collection of pus formed by the destruction of lung tissue and microorganisms by WBCs that have migrated to the area to fight infection

Front 99

pleural effusion

Back 99

accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, resulting in compression of the underlying portion of the lung, with resultant dyspnea

Front 100

pleuritis (pleurisy)

Back 100

inflammation of both the visceral and parietal pleura

Front 101

pneumonia

Back 101

inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, and chemical irritants

Front 102

pneumothorax

Back 102

a collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity. the air enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall or the pleura covering the lung (visceral pleura), causing the lung to collapse

Front 103

pulmonary edema

Back 103

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, either in the alveoli or the interstitial spaces

Front 104

pulmonary embolism

Back 104

the obstruction of one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus that dislodges from another location and is carried through the venous system to the vessels of the lung

Front 105

pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale)

Back 105

a hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart (with or without failure) resulting from disorders of the lungs, pulmonary vessels, or chest wall; heart failure resulting from pulmonary disease

Front 106

sudden infant death syndrome

Back 106

the completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant. SIDS, aka crib death, is the most common cause of death between the second week and first year of life

Front 107

tuberculosis

Back 107

an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis tubercle bacillus and characterized by inflammatory infiltrations, formation of tubercles, and caseous (cheeselike) necrosis in the tissues of the lungs. other organ systems may also be infected

Front 108

anthracosis

Back 108

the accumulation of CO2 deposits in the lungs due to breathing smoke or coal dust (black lung disease), aka coal worker's pneumoconiosis

Front 109

asbestosis

Back 109

a lung disease resulting from inhalation of asbestos particles

Front 110

byssinosis

Back 110

a lung disease resulting from inhalation of cotton, flax, and hemp; aka brown lung disease

Front 111

silicosis

Back 111

a lung disease resulting from inhalation of silica (quartz) dust, characterized by formation of small nodules

Front 112

inspection

Back 112

visual examination of the external surface of the body as well as of its movements and posture

Front 113

palpation

Back 113

a process of examining by application of the hands or fingers to the external surface of the body to detect evidence of disease or abnormalities in the various organs

Front 114

auscultation

Back 114

process of listening for sounds within the body, usually to sounds of thoracic or abdominal viscera, to detect some abnormal condition or to detect fetal heart sounds

Front 115

percussion

Back 115

use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly but sharply to determine position, size, and consistency of an underlying structure and the presence of fluid or pus in a cavity

Front 116

external respiration

Back 116

oxygen is inhaled into the lungs

Front 117

internal respiration

Back 117

oxygen you inhale circulates from the pulmonary blood stream, back through the heart, to the systemic blood stream.

Front 118

bronchoscopy

Back 118

the examination of the interior of the bronchi using a lighted, flexible tube known as a bronchoscope (or endoscope)

Front 119

chest X-ray

Back 119

the use of high-energy electromagnetic waves passing through the body onto a photographic film to produce a picture of the internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapy

Front 120

laryngoscopy

Back 120

the examination of the interior of the larynx using a lighted, flexible tube known as a laryngoscope (or endoscope)

Front 121

nuclear perfusion lung scan

Back 121

the visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after the patient has been injected with or has inhaled radioactive material

Front 122

pulmonary function tests

Back 122

physicians use this variety of tests to assess respiratory function

Front 123

sputum specimen

Back 123

a specimen of material expectorated from the mouth. if produced after a cough, it may contain (in addition to saliva) material from the throat and bronchi

Front 124

thoracocentesis

Back 124

involves the use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for lab analysis or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space

Front 125

tonsillectomy

Back 125

surgical removal of the palatine tonsils

Front 126

tuberculin skin test (TST)

Back 126

used to determine past or present tuberculosis infection present in the body. this is based on a positive skin reaction to the introduction of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, into the skin

Front 127

eupnea

Back 127

normal breathing

Front 128

ABG(s)

Back 128

arterial blood gas(es)

Front 129

AFB

Back 129

acid-fast bacilli

Front 130

AP

Back 130

anteroposterior (from the front to the back)

Front 131

ARD

Back 131

acute respiratory disease (or distress)

Front 132

ARDS

Back 132

adult respiratory distress syndrome

Front 133

ARF

Back 133

acute respiratory failure

Front 134

CDC

Back 134

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Front 135

CO2

Back 135

carbon dioxide

Front 136

COPD

Back 136

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 137

CPR

Back 137

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Front 138

CXR

Back 138

chest x-ray

Front 139

DPT

Back 139

diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus; an immunization given in childhood to prevent these diseases by providing immunity

Front 140

IPPB

Back 140

intermittent positive pressure breathing

Front 141

LLL

Back 141

left lower lobe (lung)

Front 142

LUL

Back 142

left upper lobe (lung)

Front 143

O2

Back 143

oxygen

Front 144

PA

Back 144

posteroanterior (from the back to the front)

Front 145

PaCO2

Back 145

partial pressure of CO2 dissolved in the blood

Front 146

PaO2

Back 146

partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in the blood

Front 147

PCP

Back 147

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Front 148

PFT(s)

Back 148

pulmonary function test(s)

Front 149

PPD

Back 149

purified protein derivative; substance used in intradermal test for tuberculosis; now called TST

Front 150

R

Back 150

respiration

Front 151

RDS

Back 151

respiratory distress syndrome

Front 152

RLL

Back 152

right lower lobe (lung)

Front 153

RUL

Back 153

right upper lobe (lung)

Front 154

RML

Back 154

right middle lobe

Front 155

SIDS

Back 155

sudden infant death syndrome

Front 156

SOB

Back 156

shortness of breath

Front 157

T & A

Back 157

tonsillectomy & adenoidectomy

Front 158

TB

Back 158

tuberculosis

Front 159

TPR

Back 159

temp, pulse, and respiration

Front 160

TST

Back 160

tuberculin skin test

Front 161

URI

Back 161

upper respiratory infection