Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
largest artery in the body |
aorta |
|
|
|
lower tip of the heart |
apex of the heart |
|
|
|
small artery |
arteriole |
|
|
|
largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart |
artery |
|
|
|
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them |
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) |
|
|
|
specialized tissue in the wall between the atria where electrical impulses pass through from the SA node |
AV (atrioventricular) node |
|
|
|
one of two upper chambers of the heart |
atrium |
|
|
|
smaller blood vessel; materials pass through the thin walls of this vessel |
capillary |
|
|
|
gas (waste) released by body cells |
carbon dioxide |
|
|
|
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle |
coronary arteries |
|
|
|
blood that is oxygen-poor |
deoxygenated blood |
|
|
|
relaxation phase of the heartbeat |
diastole |
|
|
|
record of the electricity flowing through the heart |
electrocardiogram |
|
|
|
inner lining of the heart |
endocardium |
|
|
|
innermost lining of blood vessels |
endothelium |
|
|
|
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle |
mitral/biscuspid valve |
|
|
|
abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closer of the heart valves |
murmur |
|
|
|
muscular, middle layer of the heart |
myocardium |
|
|
|
heart rhythm originating in the SA node with a rate in patients at rest of 60-100 beats per minute |
normal sinus rhythm |
|
|
|
gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells |
oxygen |
|
|
|
specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat |
pacemaker (sinoatrial node) |
|
|
|
double-layered membrane surrounding the heart |
pericardium |
|
|
|
artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs |
pulmonary artery |
|
|
|
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to there heart |
pulmonary circulation |
|
|
|
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
pulmonary valve |
|
|
|
one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart |
pulmonary vein |
|
|
|
beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries |
pulse |
|
|
|
partition or wall dividing a cavity |
septum |
|
|
|
septum dividing the two atria of the heart |
interarterial septum |
|
|
|
septum dividing the two ventricles of the heart |
interventricular septum |
|
|
|
pacemaker of the heart |
sinoatrial node (SA node) |
|
|
|
instrument to measure blood pressure |
sphygmomanometer |
|
|
|
flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues |
systemic circulation |
|
|
|
contraction phase of the heartbeat |
systole |
|
|
|
valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
tricuspid valve |
|
|
|
structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows only in one direction |
valve |
|
|
|
thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart |
vein |
|
|
|
largest vein in the body |
vena cava |
|
|
|
one of two lower chambers of the heart |
ventricle |
|
|
|
small vein |
venule |
|
|
|
vessel |
angi/o vas/o vascul/o |
combining form |
|
|
aorta |
aort/o |
combining form |
|
|
artery |
arter/o arteri/o |
combining form |
|
|
yellowish plaque; fatty substance |
ather/o |
combining form |
|
|
atrium, upper heart chamber |
atri/o |
combining form |
|
|
arm |
brachi/o |
combining form |
|
|
heart |
cardi/o coron/o |
combining form |
|
|
cholesterol |
cholesterol/o |
combining form |
|
|
blue |
cyan/o |
combining form |
|
|
mucus |
myx/o |
combining form |
|
|
oxygen |
ox/o |
combining form |
|
|
pericardium |
pericardi/o |
combining form |
|
|
vein |
phleb/o ven/o ven/i |
combining form |
|
|
rhythm |
rrhythm/o |
combining form |
|
|
pulse |
sphygm/o |
combining form |
|
|
chest |
steth/o |
combining form |
|
|
clot |
thromb/o |
combining form |
|
|
valve |
valvul/o valv/o |
combining form |
|
|
ventricle, lower heart chamber |
ventricul/o |
combining form |
|
|
abnormal heart rhythms |
arrhythmia or dysrrhythmia |
|
|
|
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle |
heart block/atrioventricular block |
|
|
|
What is the path or blood flow starting from the venae cavae? |
superior and inferior venavava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary artery lung capillaries pulmonary vein left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aorta |
|
|
|
a device that is implanted to overcome arrhythmias and keeps the heart beating at the proper rate |
cardiac pacemaker |
|
|
|
A new type of pacemaker that treats delays and abnormalities in ventricular contractions and can be used to treat symptoms of congestive heart failure; enable ventricles to beat together in synchrony |
biventricular pacemaker |
|
|
|
abnormalities in ventricular contractions |
dysynergy |
|
|
|
rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria |
flutter |
|
|
|
very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contraction of the heart |
fibrillation |
|
|
|
the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia; electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria causing them to quiver instead of contracting normally |
atrial fibrillation (AF) |
|
|
|
uncomfortable sensations in the chest from missed heartbeats |
palpations |
|
|
|
AF in which irregular heartbeats occur periodically or episodically |
paroxysmal AF |
|
|
|
AF in which irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely |
permanent AF |
|
|
|
when electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles |
ventricular fibrillation (VF) |
|
|
|
sudden stoppage of heart movement |
cardiac arrest |
|
|
|
application of an electrical shock to treat cardiac arrest |
defibrillation |
|
|
|
What drugs can convert fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm? |
digoxin beta-blocker calcium channel blockers |
|
|
|
a small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with and electrical shock |
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) |
|
|
|
devices used in emergencies to reverse ventricular fibrillation |
automatic external defibrillator (AED) |
|
|
|
a minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias; it uses radio frequency energy delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted into the heart to destroy tissue that causes arrhythmias |
catheter abalation |
|
|
|
abnormalities in the heart at birth |
congenital heart disease |
|
|
|
a congenital heart disease that causes a narrowing of the aorta |
coarctation of the aorta (CoA) |
|
|
|
a congenital heart disease in which the passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth |
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
|
|
|
small holes in the wall between the atria or ventricles |
septal defects |
|
|
|
a machine used during repair of septal defects that maintains circulation |
heart-lung machine |
|
|
|
congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects |
tetralogy of Fallot |
|
|
|
part of the tetralogy of Fallot; pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed |
pulmonary artery stenosis |
|
|
|
part of the tetralogy of Fallot; a large hole between two the ventricles that lets deoxygenated blood pass into the aorta |
ventricular septal defect |
|
|
|
part of the tetralogy of Fallot; the aorta overrides the ventricular septum |
shift of aorta to the right |
|
|
|
part of the tetralogy of Fallot; myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery |
hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
|
|
|
when the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle |
transposition of the great arteries (TGA) |
|
|
|
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood |
congestive heart failure (CHF) |
|
|
|
left ventricular function results in a low ejection fraction; less blood is pumped from the heart |
systolic CHF |
|
|
|
the heart contracts normally but is "stiff" or less compliant when relaxed/filling with blood; fluid backs up in lungs and rest of body |
diastolic CHF |
|
|
|
fluid accumulation in the lungs |
pulmonary edema |
|
|
|
Name 3 drugs used to treat CHF. |
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) beta-blockers digoxin |
|
|
|
a booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula inserted into the left ventricle; pumps blood out of the heart |
left ventricular assist device (LVAD) |
|
|
|
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart |
coronary artery disease (CAD) |
|
|
|
the deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries |
atherosclerosis |
|
|
|
blocking of the coronary artery by a clot |
thrombotic occlusion |
|
|
|
blood flow is decreased or stopped entirely |
ischemia |
|
|
|
death of a part of tissue |
necrosis |
|
|
|
death of myocardial tissue; heart attack; an ACS |
myocardial infarction |
|
|
|
conditions caused by plaque rupture in the coronary arteries |
acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) |
|
|
|
chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency; an ACS |
unstable angina |
|
|
|
an MI caused by a non-occlusive thrombus; evidenced by unstable angina |
non-ST-elevated myocardial infaction (NSTEMI) |
|
|
|
an MI caused by an occlusive thrombus |
ST-elevated myocardial infaction (STEMI) |
|
|
|
a drug given sublingually to treat angina |
nitroglycerin |
|
|
|
a class of drugs that are vasodilators and increase coronary blood flow/lower blood pressure; treat angina |
nitrate |
|
|
|
a drug that prevents clumping of platelets |
aspirin |
|
|
|
a drug that reduces the force and speed of the heartbeat to lower BP |
beta-blocker |
|
|
|
a drug that reduces high BP and the risk of future heart attack even if the patient is not hypertensive |
ACE inhibitors |
|
|
|
a drug that relaxes the muscles in the blood vessels; vasodilator |
calcium channel blockers |
|
|
|
drugs that lower cholesterol levels |
statins |
|
|
|
an open-heart surgery used to treat CAD by replacing clogged vessels |
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) |
|
|
|
a procedure in which catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries |
precutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) |
|
|
|
chest pain |
angina or pectoris |
|
|
|
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart |
endocarditis |
|
|
|
damage to the heart valves from infection |
bacterial endocarditis |
|
|
|
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseases heart valves |
vegetations |
|
|
|
clot or substance that travels through the blood and blocks a blood vessel |
emboli (embolus) |
|
|
|
pinpoint hemorrhages |
petechiae |
|
|
|
high BP affecting the heart |
hypertensive heart disease |
|
|
|
improper closure of the mitral valve |
mitral valve prolapse (MVP) |
|
|
|
extra heart sound, heart between normal beats |
murmur |
|
|
|
an abnormal sound or murmur heard on ascultation; blowing or swishing sound |
bruit |
|
|
|
a vibration felt on palpation of an area of turmoil blood flow (such as a blocked artery) |
thrill |
|
|
|
inflammation of he membrane surrounding the heart |
percarditis |
|
|
|
a scraping or grafting sound caused by pericarditis |
pericardial friction rub |
|
|
|
compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity |
cardiac tamponade |
|
|
|
inflammation of the mitral valve |
mitral valvulitis |
|
|
|
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever (strep infection) |
rheumatic heart disease |
|
|
|
hardening of the mitral valve seen in rheumatic heart disease |
mitral stenosis |
|
|
|
local widening of the arterial wall |
aneurysm |
|
|
|
aneurysms of small vessels in the brain |
berry aneurysms |
|
|
|
a graft used in treatment of an aneurysm |
bifurcated synthetic graft |
|
|
|
when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in the lower limbs |
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) |
|
|
|
high blood pressure |
hypertension (HTN) |
|
|
|
a clot that travels to the lungs |
pulmonary embolism |
|
|
|
hypertensin with no idenfifiable cause |
essential hypertension |
|
|
|
hypertension caused by another associated lesion/disease |
secondary hypertension |
|
|
|
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs |
peripheral arterial disease (PAD) |
|
|
|
absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest, but pain, tension, and weakness after walking has begin; sign of PAD |
intermittant claudication |
|
|
|
parachute-like filters used to capture embolic debris during stenting |
embolic protection devices |
|
|
|
two main anti-coagulant medications |
heparin warfarin/coumadin |
|
|
|
recurrant episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes due to unexplained vasoconstriction |
Raynaud disease |
|
|
|
a condition of arterial insufficiency; similar to Renaud disease but is secondary to arterial narrowing from other conditions |
Raynaud phenomenon |
|
|
|
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occuring in the legs; caused by damaged valves that fail to prevent backflow |
varicose veins |
|
|
|
varicose veins near the anus |
hemorrhoids |
|
|
|
clot formation |
thrombophlebitis |
|
|
|
blood pools in the lower parts of the leg and fluid leaks from distended small capillaries |
edema |
|
|
|
cyanotic skin due to edema |
pigmented skin |
|
|
|
listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope |
auscultation |
|
|
|
a drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat |
digoxin |
|
|
|
area of dead tissue |
infarction |
|
|
|
closure of blood vessel due to blockage |
occlusion |
|
|
|
a test that measure the amount of brain natriuretic peptide in the blood; use to diagnose CHF |
BNP test |
|
|
|
chemicals that are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack |
cardiac biomarkers |
|
|
|
What are the two cardiac markers that blood is tested for? |
troponin-I (cTnI) troponin-T (cTnT) |
|
|
|
a test that measures cholesterol and triglycerides in a blood sample |
lipid test (lipid profile) |
|
|
|
fats of animal origin; increase blood cholesterol |
saturated fats |
|
|
|
fats of vegetable origin; decrease blood cholesterol |
polyunsaturated fats |
|
|
|
a combination of protein and fat |
lipoprotein |
|
|
|
lipoproteins are physically separated and measure in a blood sample |
lipoprotein electrophoresis |
|
|
|
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material |
angiography |
|
|
|
x-ray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast via a catherter into the aorta or an artery |
arteriography |
|
|
|
3D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography |
computed tomography angiography (CTA) |
|
|
|
video equipment and a computer that produce x-ray images of blood vessels |
digital subtraction angiography (DSA) |
|
|
|
electron beams and CT that identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD |
electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT) |
|
|
|
derived from the EBCT; indicates future risk of heart attack and stroke |
coronary artery calcium score |
|
|
|
sound waves that measure blood flow within blood vessels; can hear alterations in blood flow due to obstruction |
Doppler ultrasound studies |
|
|
|
combines Doppler and conventional ultrasound to allow physicians to image the structure of blood vessels and measure the speed of blood flow; used to diagnose occlusions, aneurysms, varicose veins, and other vessel disorders |
Duplex ultrasound |
|
|
|
echos generated by high-frequency sound waves that produce images of the heart; show structure and movement |
echocardiography (ECHO) |
|
|
|
a transducer is placed in the esophagus and provides ultrasound and Doppler information about the heart |
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) |
|
|
|
produces images that show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose |
positron emission tomography (PET) scan |
|
|
|
Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi is injected intravenously and is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning |
technitium Tc 99m sestamibi scan |
|
|
|
concentration of radioactive thalium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle; show the viability of the heart muscle |
thalium 201 scan |
|
|
|
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field |
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac MRI) |
|
|
|
a type of MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels; used to view arteries and blockages inside arteries |
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) |
|
|
|
the most common contrast agent used for MRI procedures |
gadolinium |
|
|
|
a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery and is used to detect patterns of blood flow in the heart |
cardiac catheterization |
|
|
|
recording of the electricity flowing through the heart |
electrocardiography (ECG) |
|
|
|
electronic transmission of data |
telemetry |
|
|
|
an ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
Holter monitoring |
|
|
|
an exercise tolerance test (ETT) that determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress) |
stress test |
|
|
|
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias |
catheter ablation |
|
|
|
arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages |
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) |
|
|
|
brief discharges of electricity are applies across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation) |
defibrillation |
|
|
|
a technique similar to the ICD that uses lower energy to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia |
cardioversion |
|
|
|
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery |
endarterectomy |
|
|
|
a procedure used to remove plaque build-up in the carotid artery to reduce risk of stroke |
carotid endarterectomy |
|
|
|
heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired |
extracorporeal circulation |
|
|
|
the method by which the heart-lung machine oxygenates blood |
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) |
|
|
|
a donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
heart transplant |
|
|
|
expandable slotted tubes that serve as permanent scaffolding devices |
stents |
|
|
|
stents that are coated with polymers that elute (release) antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue formation leading to restenosis |
drug-eluting stents (DESs) |
|
|
|
when drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis |
thombolytic therapy |
|
|
|
What are the two drugs used in thrombolytic therapy that restore blood flow to the heart and limit irreversible damage to the heart muscle? |
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) streptokinase |
|
|
|
placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter |
transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) |
|
|
|
AAA |
abdominal aortic aneurysm |
|
|
|
ACE inhibitor |
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
|
|
|
ACLS |
advanced cardiac life support; CPR plus drugs and defibrillation |
|
|
|
ACS |
acute coronary syndrome |
|
|
|
ADP |
adenosine diphosphate (ADP blockers used to prevent cardiovascular-related death after stent procedures) |
|
|
|
AED |
automatic external defibrillator |
|
|
|
AF, a-fib |
atrial fibrillation |
|
|
|
AICD |
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator |
|
|
|
AMI |
acute myocardial infarction |
|
|
|
ARVD |
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia |
|
|
|
AS |
aortic stenosis |
|
|
|
ASD |
atrial septal defect |
|
|
|
AV, A-V |
atrioventricular |
|
|
|
AVR |
aortic valve replacement |
|
|
|
BBB |
bundle branch block |
|
|
|
BNP |
brain natriuretic peptide |
|
|
|
BP |
blood pressure |
|
|
|
CABG |
coronary artery bypass grafting |
|
|
|
CAD |
coronary artery disease |
|
|
|
CCU |
coronary care unit |
|
|
|
Cath |
catheterization |
|
|
|
CHF |
congestive heart failure |
|
|
|
CK |
creatine kinase |
|
|
|
CoA |
coarctation of the aorta |
|
|
|
CPR |
cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
|
|
|
CRT |
cardiac resynchronization therapy |
|
|
|
CTNI (cTnI, CTNT, cTnT) |
cardiac troponin-I (or T) |
|
|
|
DES |
drug-eluting stent |
|
|
|
DSA |
digital subtraction angiography |
|
|
|
DVT |
deep vein thrombosis |
|
|
|
ECMO |
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
|
|
|
ECG |
electrocardiography |
|
|
|
ECHO |
echocardiography |
|
|
|
EF |
ejection fraction |
|
|
|
measure of the amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat |
ejection fraction |
|
|
|
EPS |
electrophysiology study |
|
|
|
electrode catheters are inserted into veins and threaded into the heart and electrical conduction is measured (tachycardias are provoked and analyzed) |
electrophysiology study |
|
|
|
ETT |
exercise tolerance test |
|
|
|
ETT-MIBI |
exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer (sestamibi) scan |
|
|
|
EVAR |
endovascular aneurysm repair |
|
|
|
HDL |
high-density lipoprotein |
|
|
|
HTN |
hypertension |
|
|
|
IABP |
intra-aortic balloon pump |
|
|
|
used to support patients in cariogenic shock |
intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) |
|
|
|
ICD |
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator |
|
|
|
LAD |
left anterior descending (coronary artery) |
|
|
|
LDL |
low-density lipoprotein |
|
|
|
LMWH |
low-molecular-weight heparin |
|
|
|
LV |
left ventricle |
|
|
|
LVAD |
left ventricular assist device |
|
|
|
LVH |
left ventricular hypertrophy |
|
|
|
MI |
myocardial infarction |
|
|
|
MUGA |
multiple-gated acquisition scan |
|
|
|
a radioactive test of heart function |
multiple-gated acquisition scan (MUGA) |
|
|
|
MVP |
mitral valve prolapse |
|
|
|
NSR |
normal sinus rhythm |
|
|
|
NSTEMI |
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction |
|
|
|
PAC |
peripheral atrial disease |
|
|
|
PCI |
percutaneous coronary intervention |
|
|
|
PDA |
patent ductus arteriosus posterior descending artery |
|
|
|
PE |
pulmonary embolus |
|
|
|
PVC |
premature ventricular contraction |
|
|
|
SA, S-A node |
sinoatrial node |
|
|
|
SCD |
sudden cardiac death |
|
|
|
SOB |
shortness of breath |
|
|
|
SPECT |
single photon emission computed tomography |
|
|
|
STEMI |
ST elevation myocardial infarction |
|
|
|
SVT |
supraventricular tachycardia |
|
|
|
rapid heartbeats arising from the atria and causing palpitations, SOB, and dizziness |
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) |
|
|
|
TAVR |
transcatheter aortic valve replacement |
|
|
|
TEE |
transesophageal echocardiography |
|
|
|
TEVAR |
thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair |
|
|
|
TGA |
transposition of the great arteries |
|
|
|
tPA |
tissue-type plasminogen activator |
|
|
|
UA |
unstable angina |
|
|
|
VF |
ventricular fibrillation |
|
|
|
VSD |
ventricular septal defect |
|
|
|
VT |
ventricular tachycardia |
|
|
|
WPW |
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome |
|
|
|
an abnormal ECG pattern often associated with paroxysmal tachycardia |
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) |
|
|
|
enlargement of the heart |
cardiomegaly |
|
|
|
disease condition of the heart |
cardiomyopathy |
|
|
|
high levels of cholesterol in the blood stream |
hypercholesterolemia |
|
