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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False:
Blood is specialized connective tissue consisting of a fluid part called plasma, and the formed blood cells. |
True
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True or False:
Eosinophils are the most common type of leukocytes. |
False: Neutrophils are the most common.
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What is hematopoiesis?
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Blood cell formation.
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Where does hematopoiesis occur?
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Red bone marrow.
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What is an embolism?
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An abnormal condition in which a blood clot becomes lodged in a vessel, obstructing the flow of blood.
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The white blood cells that produce antihistamines and combat irritants that cause allergies, such as pollen or cat hair, are:
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Eosinophils.
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What is an erythroblast?
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A very immature red blood cell that is actively synthesizing hemoglobin.
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True or False:
Blood aids in the regulation of pH, electrolyte composition and interstitial fluids in the body. |
True.
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True or False:
One of the functions of blood is to help restrict fluid loss. |
True.
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True or False:
One of the functions of blood is to help stabilize body temperature. |
True.
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What are the functions of blood?
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- Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones & metabolic wastes
- Regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids - Restriction of fluid losses - Defense against toxins & pathogens - Stabilization of body temp |
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What is venipuncture?
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Procedure of collecting blood from a superficial vein.
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What are the 3 reasons that venipuncture is used as a blood sampling technique?
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1. Superficial veins are easy to locate.
2. Walls of veins are thinner than those of an artery. 3. Blood pressure in a vein is relatively low compared to that of arteries. |
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What is the average temperature of blood?
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100.4 F
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What is the viscosity of blood as compared with that of water?
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Blood is ~5 times as viscous as water.
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What is the normal pH of blood?
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Between 7.35 and 7.45 (slightly alkaline).
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Is blood considered connective tissue?
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Yes.
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What do RBCs and WBCs float in?
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A suspended cellular matrix called plasma.
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What is the only liquid tissue in the body?
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Blood.
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How many liters of blood does the average adult male have?
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5-6 L of blood
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How many liters of blood does the average adult female have?
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4-5 L of blood
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Blood accounts for what percentage of a human's body weight?
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~8%
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What does whole blood consist of?
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Plasma and formed elements.
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What are formed elements?
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Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma.
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What is an erythrocyte?
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Red Blood Cell (RBC)
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What is an RBC responsible for?
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Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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What is a leukocyte?
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White Blood Cell (WBC)
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What is a WBC resposible for?
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WBCs function as part of the body's defense mechanisms.
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What are platelets?
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Small, membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes and factors for blood clotting.
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Plasma makes up what percentage of whole blood?
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46-63%
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Water makes up what percentage of plasma?
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~92%
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Define hematocrit.
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The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements.
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What is hemoglobin (Hb)?
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The oxygen-carrying protein within RBCs. Also carries carbon dioxide.
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What are the 3 plasma proteins?
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Albumins, globulins and fibrinogens.
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What are some characteristics of albumins?
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- Smallest plasma protein
- Most abundant plasma protein (~60%) - Maintains osmotic pressure - Plays a role in fluid balance |
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What are some characteristics of globulins?
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- Account for ~35% of plasma proteins
- Include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and transport proteins - Those involved in lipid transport are lipoproteins |
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What are some characteristics of fibrinogens?
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- Functions in blood clotting
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What is serum?
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The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed.
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Where are immunoglobulins produced?
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Plasma cells of the lymphoid system.
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How can a liver disorder alter the composition and functions of blood?
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The liver is the primary source of plasma proteins.
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Where are 90% of plasma proteins produced?
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The liver.
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What is hematocrit?
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The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements.
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What is the shape of an RBC and why are they shaped this way?
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A biconcave disc; it provides a larger surface area to increase diffusion and it allows RBCs to bend and squeeze through small spaces (ex: capillaries).
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What is anemia?
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A condition in which a person has a low hematocrit, or whose RBCs have a reduced hemoglobin content, has a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
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What are some symptoms of anemia?
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Premature muscle fatigue, weakness, and general lack of energy.
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What is the average lifespan of an RBC?
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100-120 days.
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What is the average lifespan of a neutrophil?
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6 hours to a few days.
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What is the average lifespan of an eosinophil?
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~5 days.
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What is the average lifespan of a basophil?
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A few hours to a few days.
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What is the average lifespan of a platelet?
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5-10 days.
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What is the average lifespan of a lymphocyte?
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Hours to years.
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What is the average lifespan of a monocyte?
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Months.
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Do RBCs have a nucleus?
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No, they do not; without it they cannot undergo cell division and cannot repair themselves.
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Approximately how many RBCs are contained within the average adult's blood?
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4-6 million cells.
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Approximately how many WBCs are contained within the average adult's blood?
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4800-10,800 cells.
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What is the most abundant WBC?
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Neutrophils, which account for ~50-70% of the WBC population.
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What is the function of neutrophils?
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First response at injury site; phagocytosis of bacteria.
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What are the functions of eosinophils?
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Kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy & asthma; produce antihistamines.
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What are the functions of basophils?
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Release histamine, aid in inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant.
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What is the function of a lymphocyte?
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Immune response: direct cell attack or via antibodies.
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What are the functions of monocytes?
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Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues.
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What are the functions of platelets?
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Seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting.
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What are the 3 types of globulins?
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Alpha, Beta & Gamma.
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What are gamma globulins?
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Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
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What are alpha & beta globulins?
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Most are transport proteins produced in the liver that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins.
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How are RBCs recycled?
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Hemolysis.
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Which blood cell is produced by negative feedback that uses the hormone erythropoietin?
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RBCs
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Where does erythropoietin come from?
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It is secreted by the liver.
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What is oxyhemoglobin?
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Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.
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What is cyanosis?
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Process of turning blue without oxygen.
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What are the 2 categories of leukocytes?
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Granular (granulocytes) & Agranular (agranulocytes).
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What is the difference between a granulocyte and an agranulocyte?
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Granulocytes contain membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules, and agranulocytes do not.
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What are the 3 granulocytes?
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Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils.
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What are the 2 agranulocytes?
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Lymphocytes & Monocytes.
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What is the rarest white blood cell?
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Basophils, accounting for only 0.5-1% of the leukocyte population.
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Where are neutrophils produced?
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Bone marrow.
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Which WBC increases in number when an allergic reaction occurs?
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Eosinophils.
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Which WBC assists the mast cells in inflammation?
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Basophils.
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Which WBC releases histamine?
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Basophils.
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Which WBC releases antihistamine?
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Eosinophils.
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What is heparin?
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Granule released by the basophils that prevents blood clotting (anti-coagulant).
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Where are basophils produced?
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Bone marrow.
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Where are monocytes produced?
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Primarily in bone marrow.
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Where are lymphocytes produced?
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Bone marrow & lymphoid tissues.
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Where are platelets produced?
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Bone marrow, via megakaryocytes.
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