Chapter 11 Pathy & Lab Terms

Front 1

aneurysm

Back 1

Weakening of an aterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

Front 2

angina

Back 2

Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion.

Front 3

arrhythmias

Back 3

Abnormal heart rhythm (dysrhythmias); an irregular beat of the heart

Front 4

beta-blocker

Back 4

Drugs used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. They block the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart.

Front 5

claudication

Back 5

Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.

Front 6

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Back 6

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood (more blood enters the heart from the veins than leave through the arteries).

Front 7

endocarditis

Back 7

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis).

Front 8

hypertension (essential)

Back 8

High blood pressure due to no apparent cause. In adults, a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or greater is considered high.

Front 9

palpitations

Back 9

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

Front 10

patent ductus ateriosus

Back 10

The ductus arteriousus (between the aorta and the pulmonary artery), a small duct that is open (patent) during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth.

Front 11

Raynaud disease

Back 11

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes caused by blood vessel spasms.

Front 12

tetralogy of Fallot

Back 12

A congenital malformation of the heart involving four (tetra-) distinct defects. (Four separate defects of the heart occurring at birth): Pulmonary artery stenosis; Ventricular septal defect; Shift of the aorta to the right & Hypertrophy of the right ventricle

Front 13

systemic circulation

Back 13

Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.

Front 14

ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme)

Back 14

Drug that causes dilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes, and congestive heart failure. ACE stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme, which normally constricts blood vessels.

Front 15

Acute coronary syndromes

Back 15

Consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Front 16

Angiography

Back 16

X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.

Front 17

Atrioventricular block

Back 17

Failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle and ventricles of the heart.

Front 18

Atrial fibrillation

Back 18

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm.

Front 19

Auscultation

Back 19

Use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from the heart or other organs.

Front 20

Bruit

Back 20

An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ.

Front 21

Calcium channel blocker

Back 21

Drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension).

Front 22

Cardiac arrest

Back 22

Sudden, unexpected stoppage of the heart; sudden cardiac death.

Front 23

Cardiac catheterization

Back 23

Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery and after contrast material is introduced, blood pressure is measured, and x-rays taken to image patterns of blood flow.

Front 24

Cardiac MRI

Back 24

Images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves.

Front 25

Cardiac tamponade

Back 25

Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.

Front 26

Cardioversion

Back 26

Treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation.

Front 27

Coarctation of the aorta

Back 27

Congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed or stenosed.

Front 28

Computerized tomography angiography

Back 28

X-ray images are combined with computerized tomography to produce a three-dimensional picture of the heart and blood vessels.

Front 29

Congenital heart disease

Back 29

Structural heart defects that appear at birth.

Front 30

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Back 30

Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque).

Front 31

Coronary artery bypass grafting

Back 31

Arteries or veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries and bring need blood supply to the myocardium.

Front 32

Deep-vein thrombosis

Back 32

Blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg.

Front 33

Digoxin

Back 33

Drug that increases the strength and regularity of the heartbeat.

Front 34

Digital subtraction angiography

Back 34

Video equipment, computer and x-ray machine produce
images of blood vessels before and after injecting contrast material.

Front 35

Doppler ultrasound

Back 35

Method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow.

Front 36

Electrocardiography

Back 36

Process of recording the electricity flowing through the heart.

Front 37

Electron beam computed tomography

Back 37

Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease.

Front 38

Embolus (pl. emboli)

Back 38

A clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.

Front 39

Endarterectomy

Back 39

Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.

Front 40

Extracorporeal circulation

Back 40

Use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs during open heart surgery.

Front 41

Fibrillation (bigger)

Back 41

Random, rapid, inefficient, irregular contractions of the atria or ventricles.

Front 42

Flutter

Back 42

Rapid, but regular contractions of the heart, usually of the atria.

Front 43

Heart transplantation

Back 43

Donor heart is transferred to a recipient.

Front 44

Hemorrhoids

Back 44

Swollen, twisted veins in the rectal and anal region.

Front 45

Holter monitoring

Back 45

Compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.

Front 46

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (IDC)

Back 46

Small electric device implanted inside the chest (near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm

Front 47

Infarction

Back 47

Area of dead tissue.

Front 48

Ischemia

Back 48

Holding back blood to an region of the body. Myocardial ischemia is deprivation of blood to the heart muscle.

Front 49

Left ventricular assist device

Back 49

Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a “bridge to transplant” or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible.

Front 50

Lipid tests

Back 50

Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a sample of blood.

Front 51

Lipoprotein electrophoresis

Back 51

Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein).

Front 52

Mitral stenosis

Back 52

Narrowing of the mitral valve.

Front 53

Mitral valve prolapse

Back 53

Abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

Front 54

Myocardial infarction

Back 54

Area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack.

Front 55

Nitroglycerin

Back 55

Drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris). It dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to heart muscle.

Front 56

Occlusion

Back 56

Blockage or closure of a vessel or tube.

Front 57

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Back 57

A catheter with a balloon and stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque. Drug-eluting stents release chemicals to keep debris and plaque from recollecting.

Front 58

Pericardial friction rub

Back 58

Scraping or grating sound heard on auscultation of the heart. It is usually symptomatic of pericarditis.

Front 59

Pericarditis

Back 59

Inflammation of the pericardium (double-layered outermost membrane of the heart).

Front 60

Peripheral vascular disease

Back 60

Blockage of blood vessels outside the heart. Carotid artery occlusion is an example.

Front 61

Petechiae

Back 61

Small pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin.

Front 62

Positron emission tomography

Back 62

Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances.

Front 63

Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)

Back 63

To treat certain cardiac arrhythmias, radiofrequency energy is delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel into the heart. The treatment destroys or ablates the tissue causing the arrhythmia.

Front 64

Rheumatic heart disease

Back 64

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.

Front 65

Septal defects

Back 65

Small holes, present at birth, in the walls between the heart chambers.

Front 66

Serum enzyme tests

Back 66

Chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. Examples are creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), and troponin T (cTnT).

Front 67

Statins

Back 67

Drugs given to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Front 68

Stress test

Back 68

Exercise tolerance test (ETT) is used to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion.

Front 69

Telemetry

Back 69

Continuous monitoring of a patient’s heart rhythm in a hospital.

Front 70

Technetium 99m sestamibi scan

Back 70

Uptake of a radioactive chemical (technetium 99m sestamibi) in myocardium reveals evidence of a heart attack (myocardial infarction).

Front 71

Thallium 201 scan

Back 71

Concentration of a radioactive substance (thallium 201) is measured in the myocardium to show evidence of an infarction (“cold spots”).

Front 72

Thrill

Back 72

Fine vibration felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked.

Front 73

Thrombolytic therapy

Back 73

Injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the bloodstream.

Front 74

Thrombotic occlusion

Back 74

Blockage of a blood vessel caused by thrombosis or clot formation.
(blocking of the cornary artery by a clot)

Front 75

Varicose veins

Back 75

Swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in the legs.

Front 76

Vegetations

Back 76

Collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium and valves of the heart in conditions such as endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.

Front 77

biventricular pacemaker

Back 77

Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.

Front 78

stenosis

Back 78

a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice

Front 79

septa (singular: septum)

Back 79

Wall or partition. The interatrial septum lies between the atria of the heart and the interventricular septum is between the ventricles of the heart.

Front 80

interatrial septum

Back 80

separates the two upper chambers (atria) and the interventricular spectrum

Front 81

viseral

Back 81

Pertaining to the internal organs.

Front 82

parietal

Back 82

wall

Front 83

S1 = tricuspid + mitral value (lubb)

Back 83

The “lubb” is associated with closure of the tricuspid and mitral valve at the beginning of systole. The “lubb” sound is called the first hear sound (S1).

Front 84

S2 = arotic + pulmonary valve (dubb)

Back 84

The“dubb” with the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole. the “dubb” is the second heart sound (S2) because the normal cycle of the heart beat starts with the beginning of systole.

Front 85

pulmonary edma

Back 85

Collection fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles of the lung.