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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is resistance?
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hindrance to charge flow
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NAME
is a hindrance to charge flow |
resistance
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R=
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resistance
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What is a insulator?
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substance w high eletrical resistance
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NAME
is a substance w high eletrical resistance |
insulator
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What is a conductor?
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is a substance w low eletrical resistance
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NAME
is a substance w a low eletrical resistance |
conductor
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NAME
reflects the flow of ions rather than eletrons |
eletrical current and the body
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The eletrical current and the body reflects the (1)rather than electrons
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flow of ions
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When is there potential on either side of the membrane?
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(1)the number of ions is different across the membrane (2)the membrane provides a resistance to ion flow
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When is a gated channel closed?
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when a neurotransmitter is not bound to a extracellular receptor
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When a neurotransmitter is not bound to a extracellular receptor then (1)
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the gated channel is open
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Give a ex of a gated channel
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Na K
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T or F
Na cannot enter the cell and K cannot exit the cell |
true
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Can Na exit the cell?
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no
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Can K+ leave the cell?
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no
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When does a gated channel open?
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when a neurotransmitter is attached to the receptor
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When a neurotransmitter is attached to the receptor, the gate is (1)
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open
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Na (1) the cell and K+ (2) the cell, once the gated channel is open
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(1)enters (2)exits
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What are the different types of plasma membrane channels?(5)
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(1)passive channels (2)chemically gated channels (3)voltage gated channels (4)mechanically gated channels
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NAME
is sometimes called the leakge channel |
passive channel
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passive channels are also called (1)
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leakge channel
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What is a passive channel?
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is a channel that i always open
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NAME
is a channel that is always open |
passive channel
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What is chemically gated channel?
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one that open w binding of a specfic neurotransmitter
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NAME
is one that opens w the binding of a specifc neurotransmitter |
chemically gated channel
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What is voltage gated channel?
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is one that opens and closes in response to membrane potential
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NAME
is one that opens and closes in response to membrane potential |
voltage gated channel
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What is a mechinally gated channel?
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is one that opens and closes in response to physical deformation of receptors
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NAME
is one that opens and closes in response to physcial deformation of receptors |
mechnially gated channels
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What is a ex of voltage gated channel?
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Na + channel
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NAME
Na+ channel is a ex |
voltage gated channel
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When is a voltage gated channel closed?
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when the intracellular environment is negative
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When the intracellular environment is negative, a volatage gated channel will (1)
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be closed and Na cannot enter the cell
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When the intacellular environment is postive, a voltage gated channel will (1)
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open and Na can enter the cell
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When is a voltage gated channel open?
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when the intracellular environment is postive
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What happens when gated channels are open? (4)
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(1)ions move quickly across the membrane (2)movement is along thier electrochemical gradients (3)an eletrical current is created (4)voltage changes the membrane
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When do ions flow along thier chemical gradient?
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when they move from an area of high concentration to a area of low concentration
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Ions flow along thier (1) when they move from an area of high concentration to an area of low conentration
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checmial gradient
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When do ions flow along thier eletrical gradient?
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when they move toward an area of oppostie charge
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Ions flow along thier (1) when they move toward an area of opposite charge
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eletrical gradient
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What is the electrical gradient?
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the electrical and chemical gradients taken together
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NAME
is the eletrical and chemical gradients taken together |
electrochemical gradient
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What is the resting differnce across the membrane of a resting neuron?
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-70 mV
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How is the resting membrane potenital of neuron generated?
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by different concentrations of Na, K, Cl and protien anions
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NAME
is generated by the different concentrations of Na, K, Cl, and protien anion |
resting membrane potenital of a neuron
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V=
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resting membrane potential
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A- =
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protien anion
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What are ionic differences the consequence of (2)
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(1)differential permeability of the neurilemma to Na and K (2)operation of the sodium-potassium pumo
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NAME
ionic difference ocur because of the operation of the sodium-potassoum pumo and the differential permeability of the neurilemma of Na and K |
ionic differences
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What are membrane potentials used for?
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to integrate, send and receive info
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NAME
this are used to integrate, send, and receive info |
membrane potentials
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What can produce membrane potentials changes? (2)
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(1)changes in membrane permeability to ions (2)alterations of ion concentrations across the membrane
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Changes in membrane permeability to ions and alterations in concetrations across the membrane can produce (1)
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membrane potential changes
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What are the differ types of singals? (2)
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(1)graded potenitals (2)action potentials
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What are three events that can cause changes in membrane potential ? (3)
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(1)depolarization (2)repolarization (3)hyperpolarization
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Depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization can cause (1)
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changes in membrane potenital
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What is depolarization?
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is when the inside of the membrane becomes less negative
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NAME
is when the inside of the membrane becomes less negative |
depolarization
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What is repolarization?
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is when the membrane returns to its resting membrane potenital
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NAME
is when the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential |
repolarization
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What is repolarization?
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is when the resting membrane returns to its resting membrane potenital
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What is hyperpolarization?
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is when the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potenital
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NAME
is when the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potentital |
hyperpolarization
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What are graded potenitals?
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are short-lived changes in membrane potential
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NAME
are short-lived changes in membrane potential |
graded potenitals
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Graded potenitals (1) in intensity w distance
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decrease
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(1) decrease in intensity w distance
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graded potenitals
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Graded potentials decrease in intensity w (1)
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distance
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Graded potenital's magintude varies w (1)
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the strength of the stimulus
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graded potenital's (1) varies w the strength of the stimulus
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magintude
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(1) varies w the strength of teh stimulus
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graded potenitals
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Suffiently strong (1) can initate action potenitals
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graded potenitals
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Suffiently stron graded potenitals can initiate (1)
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action potenitals
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Voltage changes in graded potentials are (1)
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decremental
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What are decremental?
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is voltage changes in graded potentials
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(1) is quickly dissipated due to the leaky plasma membrane
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current
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Current is quickly (1) due to the leaky plasma membrane
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dissipated
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T or F
current can travel over long distances |
false
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Can current travel over short distance?
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yes
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Action potentials are only generated by (1) and (2)
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muscles cells and nuerons
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(1) are only generated by muscle cells and neurons
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action potentials
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Aps =
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action potential
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(1) do not decrease in strength over distance
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APs
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APs do not (1) in strength over distance
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decrease
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NAME
are the principal means of neural communication |
APs
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APs are the principal means of (1)
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nueral communication
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What is the action potential in a axon of a neuron called?
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a nerve impulse
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NAME
is the action potential of a axon of a nueron |
nerve impulse
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What is a nerve impulse?
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is the action potential of a axon of a nueron
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Na and K channels are (1) at resting state
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closed
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Na and K channels are closed at (1)
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a resting state
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(1) accounts for small movements of Na and K
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leakage
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Leakage accounts for small movements of (1) and (2)
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(1)Na (2)K
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Each (1) has two voltage-regulated gates
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Na
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What are the differ types of voltage gated channels for Na?
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(1)activation gates (2)inactivation gates
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What are activation gates?
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are closed in resting state
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NAME
are gates that are closed in resting states |
activation gates
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What are inactivation gates?
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are open in resting state
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NAME
are gates that are open in resting states |
inactivation gates
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When Na permeability increases then (1)
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membrane potenital reverses
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When (1) then membrane potenital reverses
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Na permeability increases
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for the depolirzation phase to ocur, their must be a (1)
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therehold reached
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Sodium inactivation gates are (1) during repolarization phase
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closed
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Membrane permeability to Na declines to (1)
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resting levels
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When (1) exits the cell, the internal negativity of the resting neuron is restored
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K+
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when K+ exits the cell, the (1) is restored, during repolariztion phase
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the internal negativity of the resting neuron
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During hyperpolarization, K gates remain open causing an (1)
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excessive efflux of K
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During (1), K gates remain open causing an excessive efflux of K
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hyperpolarization
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the efflux of K causes (1)
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hyperpolarization of the membrane
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NAME
causes hyperpolarization of the membrane |
efflux of K
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T or F
during hyperpolarization, the nueron is insensitive to stimulus and depolarization during this time |
true
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During hyperpolarization, the neuron is (1) to stimulus and depolarization during this time
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insenstive
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NAME
restores the resting chemical eletrical conditions of the nuerons |
repolarization
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Repolarization can restore the (1)
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resting chemical eletrical conidtions of the nuerons
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What are (2) roles of the action potenital of the NaK pump?
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(1)repolarization (2)ionic redistrubtion back to resting conidtion is restored
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(1) is restored by the Na-K pump
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ionic redistribution back to resting conidtions
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NAME
can cause a patch of axonal membrane to depolarize |
Na influx
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Na influx can cause a (1)
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patch of axonal membrane to depolarize
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Postive ions in the axoplasm move (1)
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toward the polarizred portion of the membrane
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NAME
(1) in the axoplasm move toward the polarized portion of the membrane |
postive ions
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(1) move toward the area of greatest negative charge
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ions of the extracellular fluid
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Ions of the extracellular fluid move toward the area of (1)
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greatest negative charge
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During the propagation of the action potenital, a (1) is created that depolarizes the adjacent membrane in a foward direction
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current
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During the propgation of the action potenital, a current is created that (1)
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depolarizes the adjacent membrane in a foward direction
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The (1) propgantes away from its point of orgin
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impulse
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The impulse propgantes away from its (1)
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point of orgin
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(1) moves away from the stimulis
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action poteintal
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the action potential moves away from the (1)
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stimulus
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Where sodium gates are closing, Potassium gates are creating a (1)
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current
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Therehold for the action potenital is established by the (1)
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total amount of current flowing through the membrane
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(1) is established by the total amount of current flowing through the membrane
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therehold for the action potenital
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(1) are not relayed into action poteintals
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weak stimuli
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(1) are relayed into action potential
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strong stimuli
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What is the all or none phenmoneon?
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means that action potentials either happen completely or not all
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NAME
means that the action potenitals either happen completly or not all |
all or none phenomenon
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What do the upward arrows mean?
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the stimulis is applied
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NAME
means the stimulis is applied |
upward arrows
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What do the downward arrows mean?
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the stimulus is stopped
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NAME
means the stimulus is stopped |
downward arrows
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What do the length of the arrows indicate?
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the strength of the stimulus
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NAME
indicates the strength of the stimulus |
length of the arrows
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What do the vertical lines indicate?
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the action potentials
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NAME
this indicates the action potenital on the graph |
vertical lines
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What is the absoulte refractory period?
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time from the opening of the Na activation gates until the closing of the inactivation gates
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NAME
is the time from the opening of the Na acitivation gates until the closing of the inactivation gates |
absoulte refractory period
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What does the absoulte refractory period do?
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(1)prevents the neuron from generating an action potenital (2))ensures that each action potenital is separtate (3)enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses
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NAME
prevents the neuron from generating an action potential |
absoulte refractory period
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NAME
ensures that each action potenital is separate |
absoulte refractory period
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NAME
enforces one way transmisssion of nerve impulses |
absoulte refractory period
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What is the relative refractory period?
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is the interval following the absoule refractory period when sodium gates are closed, postatssium gates are open and repolarization is occuring
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NAME
is teh interval following the absoulte refractory period when sodium gates are closed, K gates are open, and repolarization is occuring |
relative refracotry period
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When the threshold is elevated, this allows for strong (1) to (2)
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strong stimuli to inscrease the frequency of action potenital events
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Conduction velocties vary (1)
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widely amoung neurons
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(1) vary amoung neurons
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conduction velocites
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How is the rate of implulse propagation determined? (2)
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(1)axon diamter (2)presence of myelin sheath
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NAME
is determined by the axon diamter and presence of myelin sheath |
rate of impulse propgation
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Current passes through a mylenintated axon only at the (1)
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the nodes of ranvier
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Current passes through a (1) only at the nodes of ranvier
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myleinated axon
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What is the axon diamter?
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is the larger diameter and the faster impulse
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NAME
is the larger diamter and the faster impulse |
axon diamter
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(1) dramitcally increases the impulse speed
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myleniation
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Myelination dramtically increases the (1)
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impulse speed
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NAME
is the faster impulse |
axon diamter
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(1) are concentrated at the nodes of ranvier
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voltage gated Na channels
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Voltage gated Na channelsare conecntrated at the (1)
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nodes of ranvier
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Action potenitals are triggered only at teh (1)and (2)
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nodes (2) jump from one node to the next
|
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NAME
are triggered only at the the nodes and jump from one node to the next |
action potenitals
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What is saltory conudction?
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is when current passes through a myelinated sheath axon only at the nodes of ranvier
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NAME
is when the current passes through a myleinated sheath axon only at the nodes of ranvier |
saltory conduction
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NAME
is much faster than conduction along the unmyelinted axons |
salatory conduction
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What does MS stand for?
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multiple scleoris
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What is MS?
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is an automimmune disease that mainly affects young adults
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NAME
is an autoimmune disease that mainly affects young adults |
MS
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What are the symptopm of of MS?
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include visaul disurbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, and urinary incontinence
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NAME
include visual disturbances, weakness, loss of musclular control, and urinary incontinence |
MS
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The nerve fibers of people w MS are (1) and the mylein sheath's in the CNS become (2)
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(1)severed (2)nonfunctional scelorses
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NAME
the nerve fibers of people w this disease are severed, and the mylein sheath's in the CNS become nonfunctional scleroses |
MS
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The (1) of people w MS, are severed and the (2) in the CNS become nonfunctional scelorses
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(1) nerve fibers (2)mylein sheaths
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In people w MS, (1) and (2) occurs
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Shunting and short circuting of nerve impulses
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NAME
in people w this disease, there is shunting and short-circuting of nerve impulses |
MS
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What are some treatments for MS?
|
(1)interferon beta-1a and 1-b (2)Avonex (3)Betaseran (4)copazone
|
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NAME
treatment include interferon beta 1-a and 1-b, Avonex, beataseran, and copazone |
MS
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How do the drugs work that treat MS? (3)
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(1)hold symptoms at bay (2)reduce complications (3)reduce disability
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NAME
hold symptoms at bay, reduce complications, and reduce disability |
drugs that treat MS
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How are nerve fiber classifed? (3)
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(1)diamter (2)degree of myelination (3)speed of conduction
|
|
NAME
are classfied according to diamter, degree of myelination, and speed of conduction |
nerve fibers
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What are synapses?
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is a junction that mediates info transfer from one neuron to another nueron or from one neuron to an effector cell
|
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NAME
is a junction that mediates info transfer from one nueron to another neuron or from one neuron to an effector cell |
synapses
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