Chapter 11; Nervous System Ii

Front 1

General Organization of the Nervous System: The Central Nervous system consists of the ____________ & _________.

Back 1

Brain & Spinal Cord

Front 2

General Organization of the Nervous System: This system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 2

Central Nervous System

Front 3

General Organization of the Nervous System: The Peripheral Nervous system consists of ___________ and ______________________________.

Back 3

Cranial nerves & All NS tissue other than the brain and spinal cord.

Front 4

General Organization of the Nervous System: This system consists of cranial nerves & all NS other than the brain and spinal cord.

Back 4

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 5

What are the three layers of the MENINGES?

Back 5

1.) Dura mater
2.) Arachnoid mater
3.) Pia mater

Hint 5

DAP

Front 6

The MENINGES has ____ layers.

Back 6

3

Front 7

The outermost layer of the MENINGES is the __________________.

Back 7

Dura mater

Front 8

The middle layer of the MENINGES is the __________________.

Back 8

Archnoid mater

Front 9

The innermost layer of the MENINGES is the ________________.

Back 9

Pia mater

Front 10

This layer of the MENINGES is made of tough, white dense connective tissue.

Back 10

Dura mater

Front 11

This layer of the MENINGES lines the inner surface of the skull, covers the spinal cord and is continuous with the outer CT of the nerves.

Back 11

Dura mater

Front 12

The Dura mater is made of tough, white ___________________.

Back 12

dense connective tissue

Front 13

The Dura mater lines the inner surface of the ________, covers the _____________ and is continuous with the outer _______ of the nerves.

Back 13

skull; spinal cord; CT

Front 14

This layer of the MENINGES has projections which partition the cranial cavity which serves to reduce motion.

Back 14

Dura mater

Front 15

The Dura mater has projections which partition the _____________ which serves to reduce motion.

Back 15

Cranial Cavity

Front 16

The Dura mater has projections which partition the cranial cavity which serves to reduce ___________.

Back 16

Motion

Front 17

The Dura mater has ______________ which partition the cranial cavity which serves to reduce movement.

Back 17

Projections

Front 18

When dura to t attaches to the spinal cord by means of projections of the pia matter is called...

Back 18

Dentate Ligaments

Front 19

In the spine, these function to hold the spinal cord in place.

Back 19

Dentate Ligaments

Front 20

Dentate Ligaments function to hold the _________ in place.

Back 20

Spinal Cord

Front 21

Dura mater--> This anchors the distal end of the spinal cord to the coccyx.

Back 21

Filum terminale

Front 22

Dura mater--> The filum terminale anchors the distal end of the spinal cord to the _________.

Back 22

Coccyx

Front 23

Dura mater--> The filum terminale anchors the distal end of the ________ to the coccyx.

Back 23

Spinal Cord

Front 24

Dura mater --> The _________________ anchors the distal end of the spinal cord to the coccyx.

Back 24

Filum terminale

Front 25

T/F: The dura is immediately anterior to to the arachnoid mater.

Back 25

FALSE. SUPERFICIAL,

Front 26

The dura is immediately _________ to the arachnoid mater.

Back 26

Superficial

Front 27

The _______________ is between the dura mater and the vertebral canal surface and is the site of "epidural injections" often utilized in child birth.

Back 27

Epidural Space

Front 28

This is between the dura mater and the vertebral canal surface and is the site of epidural injections often utilized in child birth.

Back 28

Epidural Space

Front 29

This layer of the MENINGES attaches to the inner surface of the dura mater.

Back 29

Arachnoid Mater

Front 30

This layer of the MENINGES lack blood vessels, but has a web-like character in which is contained and flows CSF.

Back 30

Arachnoid Mater

Front 31

Arachnoid Mater lacks ________________.

Back 31

Blood Vessels

Front 32

Arachnoid mater has a ____________ character in which is contained and flows CSF.

Back 32

web-like

Front 33

Arachnoid mater has a web-like character in which is contained and flows ____.

Back 33

CSF

Front 34

CSF stands for

Back 34

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Front 35

CSF is withdrawn in a _________________ for analysis.

Back 35

Spinal tap

Front 36

The web-like, fluid filled space between the arachnoid and the pia is the ___________________.

Back 36

Subarachnoid space

Front 37

The Subarachnoid space, is the web-like, fluid filled space between the ____________ & the ____________.

Back 37

arachnoid and the pia

Front 38

This layer of the MENINGES contains many nerves and blood vessels and attaches these structures to the brain and cord.

Back 38

Pia mater

Front 39

The Pia mater attaches ____________ & ________________ to the brain and spinal cord.

Back 39

Nerves & Blood vessels

Front 40

The Pia mater attaches the nerves and blood vessels to the ___________ & ____________.

Back 40

Brain & Spinal cord

Front 41

This layer of the MENINGES covers all of every surface in the CNS, including the central canal.

Back 41

Pia mater

Front 42

This layer of the MENINGES attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord.

Back 42

Pia mater

Front 43

This is produced by epidymal cells of the choroid plexuses of the ventricles.

Back 43

CSF

Front 44

CSF is produced by ______ cells of the choroid plexuses of the ventricles.

Back 44

epidymal cells

Front 45

CSF is produced by epidymal cells of the _________ plexuses of the ventricles.

Back 45

choroid

Front 46

CSF is produced by epidymal cells of the choroid _______ of the ventricles.

Back 46

plexuses

Front 47

CSF is produced by epidymal cells of the choroid plexuses of the __________.

Back 47

ventricles

Front 48

This circulates through the central nervous system through ventricles & ducts.

Back 48

CSF

Front 49

Interconnected, fluid filled cavities inside of the brain.

Back 49

Ventricles

Front 50

Ventricles are interconnected, _______ filled cavities inside of the brain.

Back 50

fluid

Front 51

Ventricles are interconnected, fluid filled ___________ throughout the brain.

Back 51

cavities

Front 52

Ventricles are interconnected, fluid filled cavities throughout the ______.

Back 52

brain

Front 53

The largest two ventricles are the ____________ ventricles which are somewhat C shaped.

Back 53

Lateral

Front 54

The largest two ventricles are the lateral ventricles which are somewhat ____ shaped.

Back 54

C

Front 55

Where are the two largest "C" shaped ventricles located?

Back 55

In the right and left hemisphere of the brain.

Front 56

Located in the midline of the brain and connects to lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen.

Back 56

Third ventricle

Front 57

The third ventricle is located in the ________ of the brain and connects to lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen.

Back 57

midline

Front 58

The third ventricle is located in the midline of the brain and connects to lateral ventricles by the __________________.

Back 58

Interventricular Foramen

Front 59

The third ventricle is located in the midline of the brain and connects to ______________ by the interventricular foramen.

Back 59

Lateral ventricles

Front 60

The third ventricle drains into the fourth ventricle via the __________________.

Back 60

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 61

The ____ ventricle drains into the _____ ventricle via the Cerebral Aqueduct.

Back 61

3rd --> 4th

Front 62

This ventricle opens into the central canal.

Back 62

4th

Front 63

The fourth ventricle opens into the ___________.

Back 63

central canal

Front 64

A small duct in the center of the spinal cord and the median and lateral apetures which also lead to the subarachnoid space.

Back 64

Central Canal

Front 65

The Central Canal is a small duct in the center of the _________ and the median and lateral apetures which also lead to the subarachnoid space.

Back 65

Spinal Cord

Front 66

The Central Canal is a small duct in the center of the spinal cord and the ________ and lateral apetures which also lead to the subarachnoid space.

Back 66

Median

Front 67

The Central Canal is a small duct in the center of the spinal cord and the median and lateral apetures which also lead to the __________________.

Back 67

Subarachnoid space

Front 68

CSF occupies and flows through the __________________ and bathes, nourishes and suspends the entire central nervous system in a sort of hydraulic shock absorbing system.

Back 68

Subarachnoid space

Front 69

______ occupies and flows through the subarachnoid space and bathes, nourishes and suspends the entire central nervous system in a sort of hydraulic shock absorbing system.

Back 69

CSF

Front 70

The epidural space is between the __________ and the ______ _______ _______ and is the site of "epidural injections" often utilized in childbirth.

Back 70

Dura Mater and the Vertebral Canal Surface.

Front 71

The ___________ is between the dura mater and the vertebral canal surface and is the site of "epidural injections" often utilized in childbirth.

Back 71

Epidural Space

Front 72

The Epidural Space is between the Dura Mater and the Vertebral Body Canal and is the site of "_________ _______" often utilized in childbirth.

Back 72

"Epidural Injections"

Front 73

The epidural space is between the Dura Mater and the Vertebral Body Canal and is the site of "Epidural Injections" often utilized in ____________.

Back 73

Childbirth

Front 74

After circulating through the CNS, CSF exits through the _____________ ___________ into the Dural Sinuses which return this fluid to the blood from whence it came.

Back 74

Arachnoid Granulations

Front 75

After circulating through the CNS, CSF exits through the Arachnoid Granulations into the _________ ________ which returns this fluid to the blood from whence it came.

Back 75

Dural Sinuses

Front 76

After circulating through the CNS, CSF exits through the Arachnoid Granulations into the Dural Sinuses which returns this fluid to the _________ from whence it came.

Back 76

Blood

Front 77

3 Functions of CNS

Back 77

To protect, nourish and provide waste removal for the CNS

Hint 77

PNP

Front 78

This fluid's function is to protect, nourish and provide waste removal for the CNS.

Back 78

CSF

Front 79

The withdrawal of CSF by needle in the lumbar spine from the subarachnoid space.

Back 79

Spinal Tap

Front 80

Spinal tap is tested for _______, WBC's and other abnormalities.

Back 80

RBC's

Front 81

Spinal tap is tested for RBC's, ______ and other abnormalities.

Back 81

WBC's

Front 82

Spinal tap is tested for _____________, ___________ and other ____________.

Back 82

RBC's, WBC's, Abnormalities

Front 83

Spinal tap is the withdrawal of _____ by needle in the lumbar spine from the subarachnoid space.

Back 83

CSF

Front 84

Spinal tap is the withdrawal of CSF in the ________ _______ from the subarachnoid space.

Back 84

Lumbar Spine

Front 85

Spinal tap is the withdrawal of CSF in the Lumbar Spine from the _____________ ______________.

Back 85

Subarachnoid Space

Front 86

A slender column of solid nervous tissue with a small central canal running its length.

Back 86

Spinal Cord

Front 87

Consists of 31 segments, each of which give rise to a pair (one R and one L) spinal nerves.

Back 87

Spinal Cord

Front 88

The Spinal Cord is a slender column of ______ nervous tissue with a small central canal running its length.

Back 88

solid

Front 89

The Spinal Cord is a slender column of solid nervous tissue with a small _______ ________ running its length.

Back 89

central canal

Front 90

The Spinal Cord consists of ________ segments, each of which give rise to a pair (one R and one L) spinal nerves.

Back 90

31 segments

Front 91

TRUE/FALSE: The Spinal Cord Consists of 31 Segments.

Back 91

True

Front 92

TRUE/FALSE: Not every segment of the spinal cord gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves.

Back 92

False

Front 93

What are the two areas of greater thickness in the spinal cord?

Back 93

Cervical Enlargement & Lumbar Englargement

Front 94

The cervical & lumbar enlargement in the spinal cord are the two areas of greater ____________.

Back 94

Thickness

Front 95

An area of greater thickness in the spinal cord from which arise the spinal nerves of the brachial plexus.

Back 95

Cervical Enlargement

Front 96

An area of greater thickness in the spinal cord that supplies the upper limbs and pectoral girdle.

Back 96

Cervical Enlargement

Front 97

An area of greater thickness in the spinal cord from which arises the spinal nerves of the lumbar and sacral plexuses.

Back 97

Lumbar Enlargement

Front 98

An area of greater thickness in the spinal cord that supplies the lower limbs and pelvic girdle.

Back 98

Lumbar Enlargement

Front 99

Cervical Enlargement, From which arise the spinal nerves of the ____________ _________________.

Back 99

Brachial Plexus

Front 100

Lumbar Enlargement, From which arise the spinal nerves of the ___________ & ________________ ________.

Back 100

Lumbar and Sacral Plexus

Front 101

The purpose of the two enlargements (cervical & lumbar) of the spine is to facilitate the ____________ activities of the many and highly complex structures that must be adequately innervated.

Back 101

Neurological

Front 102

The portion of the cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement that tapers to a point.

Back 102

Conus Medularis

Front 103

TRUE/FALSE: The Conus Medularis is the portion of the cord superior to the lumbar enlargment that tapers to a point.

Back 103

Inferior

Front 104

This attaches the Conus Medularis to the superior surface of the coccyx by a cord-like structure called the _______________.

Back 104

Filum Terminale

Front 105

Conus Medularis is attached to the superior surface of the ____________ by a cord-like structure called the ________ _____________ which anchors the distal end of the cord.

Back 105

Coccyx, Filum Terminale

Front 106

Conus Medularis is attached to the superior surface of the coccyx by a cord-like structure called the Filum Terminale, which _____ the distal end of the cord.

Back 106

Anchors

Front 107

TRUE/FALSE: The actual spinal cord extends only to about the inferior margin of R2.

Back 107

FALSE: L1

Front 108

From this arise a group of spinal nerves that resemble the tail of a horse, called the Cauda Equina. Latin for "horse's tail."

Back 108

Conus Medularis

Front 109

From the conus medularis arise a group of spinal nerves that resemble the tail of a horse, called the _______________ __________. Latin for horse's tail.

Back 109

Cauda Equina

Front 110

The space that appears to contain only CSF in the lower lumbar canal actually is quite full of the spinal nerves of the cauda equina, which gives rise to the ______________ and ______________ ____________.

Back 110

Lumbar and Sacral plexuses

Front 111

The space that appears to contain only CSF in the lower lumbar canal actually is quite full of the spinal nerves of the ___________ __________, which gives rise to the Lumbar and Sacral plexuses.

Back 111

Cauda Equina

Front 112

The nerves of the Cauda Equina exit the _______________ ______________ just as they would if the cord were present.

Back 112

Intervertebral Foramina

Front 113

What are the two groves of the Spinal Cord?

Back 113

Anterior Median Fissure & Posterior Median Sulcus

Front 114

The anterior median fissure and the posteriar median sulcus are the two __________ of the spinal cord.

Back 114

grooves

Front 115

This groove of the spinal cord divides the front part of the cord into right and left halves.

Back 115

Anterior Median Fissure

Front 116

TRUE/FALSE: The Anterior Median Fissure is the groove of the spinal cord that divides the back part of the cord into right and left halves.

Back 116

False (FRONT)

Front 117

This groove of the spinal cord divides the back part of the cord into right and left halves.

Back 117

Posterior Median Fissure

Front 118

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord are termed anterior, lateral and __________ horns.

Back 118

Posterior

Front 119

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord are termed anterior, _________, and posterior horns.

Back 119

Lateral

Front 120

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord are termed ___________, lateral and posterior horns.

Back 120

Anterior

Front 121

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord are termed anterior, lateral and posterior _________.

Back 121

Horns

Front 122

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord that contains mostly interneurons.

Back 122

Anterior Horns

Front 123

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord that contains anterior horn cells.

Back 123

Anterior Horns

Front 124

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord, Anterior Horns, which contain anterior horn cells which are classified as ___________ ___________ __________ and whose axons innervate the skeletal muscles.

Back 124

Lower motor neurons

Front 125

Butterfly-shaped grey matter in the cord that is more associated with sensory functions. This is also where the sensory nerve enters the spinal cord and whose axons go to the reflexes or brain.

Back 125

Posterior Horns

Front 126

The narrow structure of grey matter that connects the horns together.

Back 126

Gray Commissure

Front 127

Gray Commissure is the narrow structure of gray matter that connects the ________ together.

Back 127

Horns

Front 128

The opening of the spinal cord that travels the length of the cord peircing the Gray Commissure.

Back 128

Central Canal

Front 129

Continuous with the fourth ventricle and is line with the pia mater.

Back 129

Central Canal

Front 130

CSF flows through this.

Back 130

Central Canal

Front 131

This is made up of myelinated axons that travel up and down the cord.

Back 131

White matter

Front 132

White matter is made up of __________ _________ that travel up and down the cord.

Back 132

Myelinated Axons

Front 133

This is divided into sections called anterior, lateral or posteriors columns. (Funiculi)

Back 133

White Matter

Front 134

White matter is divided into sections called anterior, lateral and posterior ________ (Funiculi)

Back 134

Columns

Front 135

White matter is divided into sections called ___________, ________ and __________ columns or funiculi.

Back 135

Anterior, Lateral or Posterior

Front 136

Each column of white matter is made up of longitudal bundles of myelinated nerve fibers called ________.

Back 136

Tracts

Front 137

Each colum of white matter is made up of __________ _________ of myelinated nerve fibers called tracts.

Back 137

Longitudal Bundles

Front 138

Each column of white matter is made up of longitudal bundles of ____________ _________ __________ called tracts.

Back 138

Myelinated nerve fibers

Front 139

These comprise major nerve pathways between the brain and spinal cord.

Back 139

Tracts

Front 140

What are the two functions of the Spinal Cord?

Back 140

1) Center for spinal reflexes
2) Conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain

Hint 140

CC

Front 141

Many reflexes do not go to the brain but are mediated by the ______________.

Back 141

Spinal Cord

Front 142

TRUE/FALSE: Many reflexes do not go to the brain but are mediated by the Spinal Cord.

Back 142

TRUE

Front 143

The autonomic, involuntary responses to either internal or external stimuli.

Back 143

Reflexes

Front 144

These help to keep us upright, coordinated and safe.

Back 144

Reflexes

Front 145

TRUE/FALSE: Reflexes are somatic, voluntary responses to either internal or external stimuli.

Back 145

FALSE: AUTONOMIC & INVOLUNTARY

Front 146

A simple reflex is __________________, (knee-jerk/deep tendon).

Back 146

Monosynaptic

Front 147

A _______ reflex is monosynaptic (knee-jerk/deep tendon)

Back 147

Simple

Front 148

A simple reflex is monosynaptic, (_____-______/deep tendon)

Back 148

Knee Jerk

Front 149

A simple reflex is monosynaptic, (Knee-jerk/_____ ______)

Back 149

Deep Tendon

Front 150

Another type of reflex is the withdrawl to pull away from _______ --> nonreceptors mediated.

Back 150

Injury

Front 151

Another type of reflex is the withdrawl to pull away from injury --> ___________ mediated.

Back 151

Nonreceptors

Front 152

Third type of reflex is when the crossed extensor connects to the opposite side of the something to support weight or pull away but it doesn't fucking tell you in the notes what its attached to.

Back 152

No solution.

Front 153

Components of the Simple Reflex Arc: The site of stimulis action where a sensory action potential is generated.

Back 153

Receptor

Front 154

A receptor is the site of _______ action where a sensory action potential is generated.

Back 154

Stimulis

Front 155

A receptor is the site of stimulis action where a __________ action potential is generated.

Back 155

sensory

Front 156

A receptor is the site of stimulis action where a sensory action potential is ____________.

Back 156

generated

Front 157

A receptor is the site of stimulis action where a _________ _______ _______ is generated.

Back 157

sensory action potential

Front 158

Conveys the impulse to the integration system.

Back 158

Sensory Neuron

Front 159

Sensory neurons convey the ______ to the integration system.

Back 159

Impulse

Front 160

Sensory neurons convey the impulse to the _______ ________.

Back 160

Integration System

Front 161

Usually a group of interneurons that process the input for proper response.

Back 161

Integration Center

Front 162

The Integration Center is usually a group of ___________ that process the input for proper response.

Back 162

Interneurons

Front 163

The Integration Center is usually a group of interneurons that process the _____ for proper response.

Back 163

Input

Front 164

The Integration Center is usually a group of interneurons that process the input for proper _________.

Back 164

Response

Front 165

Conveys the responding impulse to the effector. (Usually a muscle or gland)

Back 165

Motor Neuron

Front 166

A Motor Neuron conveys the responding impulse to the ____________. Usually a muscle or gland.

Back 166

Effector

Front 167

A motor neuron conveys the responding impulse to the effector. Usually a __________ or ________.

Back 167

muscle or gland

Front 168

Usually a muscle that carries out the reflex action.

Back 168

Effector

Front 169

The effector is usually a _________ that carries out the reflex action.

Back 169

Muscle

Front 170

The effector is usually a muscle that carries out the __________ _______.

Back 170

reflex action

Front 171

(Effector) Additional synapses with __________ ___________ connected with the Ascending Tracts carry the event of the reflex activity to the brain for conscious recognition.

Back 171

Association Neurons

Front 172

(Effector) Additional synapses with Association Neurons connected with the ___________ ____________ carry the event of the reflex activity to the brain for conscious recognition.

Back 172

Ascending Tracts

Front 173

(Effector) Additional synapses with Association Neurons connected with Ascending Tracts carry the event of the ________ _______ to the brain for conscious recognition.

Back 173

reflex activity

Front 174

(Effector) Additional synapses with Association Neurons and Ascending Tracts carry the event of the reflex activity to the ______ for conscious recognition.

Back 174

Brain

Front 175

(Effector) Additional synapses with Association Neurons connected with Ascending Tracts carry the event of the reflex activity to the brain for ____________ _________.

Back 175

Conscious Recognition

Front 176

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) TRUE/FALSE: All fibers above the anterior horn cells are classified as upper motor neurons.

Back 176

TRUE

Front 177

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) All _________ above the anterior horn cells are classified as upper motor neurons.

Back 177

Fibers

Front 178

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) All fibers above the _______ _______ __________ are classified as upper motor neurons.

Back 178

Anterior Horn Cells

Front 179

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) All fibers above the anterior horn cells are classified as _________ ___________ ____________.

Back 179

Upper Motor Neurons

Front 180

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) TRUE/ FALSE: All fibers distal to and outward from the spinal cord, and including anterior horn cells are classified as upper motor neurons.

Back 180

FALSE: Lower Motor Neurons

Front 181

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) All fibers distal to and outward from the spinal cord, and including _________ ________ __________ are classified as lower motor neurons.

Back 181

Anterior Horn Cells

Front 182

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) All fibers distal to and outward from the spinal cord, and including anterior horn cells are classified as ________ __________ __________.

Back 182

Lower motor neurons

Front 183

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) The posterior of the brain, spinal cord and dorsal nerve roots are generally (motor/sensory) in function.

Back 183

Sensory

Front 184

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) The anterior of the brain, spinal cord, and ventral nerve roots are generally (motor/sensory) in function.

Back 184

Motor

Front 185

(Ascending and Descending Tracts) TRUE/FALSE: The tracts are somewhat mixed, but in general adhere to the posterior/anterior orientation.

Back 185

TRUE

Front 186

_________ ____________ conduct sensory impulses to the brain for processing.

Back 186

Ascending Tracts

Front 187

Ascending Tracts conduct ________ impulses to the brain for processing.

Back 187

Sensory

Front 188

Ascending Tracts conduct sensory impulses ___ the brain for processing.

Back 188

To

Front 189

Ascending Tracts conduct _________ impulses ___ the brain for processing.

Back 189

Sensory; To

Front 190

Fasiculi, gracilis and cuneatus, spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tracts are all examples of ____________ ___________.

Back 190

Ascending Tracts

Front 191

Almost all impulses going to the brain are __________ and get their via __________ _____________.

Back 191

Ascending Tracts

Front 192

Almost all impulses going ____ the brain are sensory and get their via ___________ _________.

Back 192

Ascending Tracts

Front 193

Almost all impulses going to the brain are __________ and get their through the ascending tracts.

Back 193

Sensory

Front 194

All tracts that begin with the prefix "_______" are ascending, and therefore sensory because they go to the brain.

Back 194

Spino

Front 195

All tracts that begin with the prefix "Spino" are ________ and therefore _______ because they go to the brain.

Back 195

Ascending; Sensory

Front 196

Fasciculus Gracilis and ____________ ______________ both conduct sensory input from the skin that are interpreted as touch pressure and body movement.

Back 196

Fasciculus Cuneatus

Front 197

_________ _________ and Fasciculus Cuneatus both conduct sensory input from the skin that are interpreted as touch pressure and body movement.

Back 197

Faciculus Gracilis

Front 198

Fasiculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus both conduct _______ input from the skin that are interpreted as touch pressure and body movement.

Back 198

Sensory

Front 199

Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus both conduct sensory impulses from the _________ interpreted as touch pressure and body movement.

Back 199

Skin

Front 200

Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus both conduct sensory impulses from the skin known as _____________ __________ and body movement.

Back 200

Touch Pressure

Front 201

Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus both conduct sensory impuses from the skin that are interpreted by touch pressure and _________ _______.

Back 201

Body Movement

Front 202

Fasiculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus both conduct sensory impulses from the skin that are interpreted as ___________ __________ and __________ ____________.

Back 202

Touch Pressure and Body Movement

Front 203

_________________ tracts cross over in the cord and give rise to sensations of pain and temperature.

Back 203

Spinothamatic

Front 204

Spinothamatic tracts cross over in the cord and give rise to sensations of _______ and _______.

Back 204

Pain and Temperature

Front 205

Spinothamatic tracts ______ ________ in the cord and give rise to the sensations of pain and temperature.

Back 205

Cross Over

Front 206

_____________ tracts DO NOT cross over in the cord, their impulses originate in the muscles of the lower limbs and coordinate muscular movement.

Back 206

Spinocerebellar

Front 207

Spinocerebellar tracts DO NOT _____ ____ in the cord, their impulses originate in the muscles of the lower limbs and coordinate muscular movements.

Back 207

Cross Over

Front 208

Spinocerebellar tracts DO NOT cross over in the cord, their impulses originate in the ______ of the lower limbs and coordinate ________ movements.

Back 208

Muscles, Muscular

Front 209

Spinocerebellar tracts DO NOT cross over in the cord, their impulses originate in the muscles of the __________ _________ and ________ muscular movements.

Back 209

Lower Limbs; Coordinate

Front 210

Spinocerebellar tracts and Spinothamatic tracts are part of ___________ _________.

Back 210

Ascending Tracts

Front 211

__________ __________ are those which conduct motor impulses from the brain to the effectors.

Back 211

Descending Tracts

Front 212

Descending Tracts are those which conduct ______ impulses from the brain to the effectors.

Back 212

Motor

Front 213

Descending Tracts are those which conduct motor impulses ______ the brain to the effectors.

Back 213

From

Front 214

Descending Tracts are those which conduct motor impulses from the ________ to the effetors.

Back 214

Brain

Front 215

Descending Tracts are those which conduct motor impulses from the brain to the ____________.

Back 215

Effectors

Front 216

Descending Tracts are those which conduct motor impulses from the _________ to the ___________.

Back 216

Brain --> Effectors

Front 217

Corticospinal, reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts are part of ____________ ________.

Back 217

Descending Tracts

Front 218

Almost all impulses going from the brain are motor and get there via __________ ___________.

Back 218

Descending Tracts

Front 219

Almost all impulses going ______ the brain are motor and get there via Descending Tracts.

Back 219

From

Front 220

Almost all impulses going from the brain are ______ and get there via Descending Tracts.

Back 220

Motor

Front 221

Almost all impulses going from the brain are _______ and get there via _______________.

Back 221

Motor; Descending tracts

Front 222

All tracts that begin with a prefix that names part of the ______ are descending and therefore motor and go from the brain down the spinal cord.

Back 222

Brain

Front 223

All tracts that begin with a prefix that names part of the brain are ___________, and therefore motor and go from the brain down into the cord.

Back 223

Descending

Front 224

All tracts that begin with a prefix that names part of the brain are descending and therefore ________ and go from the brain down into the cord.

Back 224

Motor

Front 225

All tracts that begin with a prefix that names part of the brain are called descending and therefore motor and go from the ________ down into the _________.

Back 225

Brain --> Cord

Front 226

All tracts that begin with a prefix that names part of the brain are called __________ and therefore _______ and go from the brain down into the spinal cord.

Back 226

Descending; Motor

Front 227

Corticospinal tracts-- fibers cross over (decussate) in the lower medulla oblangata and conducts impulses from the _____________ __________ to the skeletal muscles resulting in voluntary movement.

Back 227

Cerebral Cortex

Front 228

Corticospinal tracts -- fibers cross over (decussate) in the lower medulla oblangata and conducts impulses from the cerebral cortex to the ___________ ____________ which results in Voluntary movement.

Back 228

Skeletal Muscles

Front 229

Corticospinal tracts -- fibers cross over (decussate) in the lower medulla oblangata and conducts impulses from the ___________ __________ to the ___________ __________ resulting in Voluntary Movement.

Back 229

Cerebral Cortex --> Skeletal Muscles

Front 230

Corticospinal tracts -- fibers cross over in the medulla oblangata and conducts impulses from the cerebral cortex to the skeletal muscles resulting in __________ ______________.

Back 230

Voluntary Movement

Front 231

Corticospinal tracts -- fibers cross over in the __________ _____________ and conducts impulses from the cerebral cortex to the skeletal muscles resulting in voluntary movement.

Back 231

Medulla Oblangata

Front 232

Fibers that cross over in the medulla oblangata and conducts impulses from the cerebral cortex to the skeletal muscles resulting in voluntary movement.

Back 232

Corticospinal tracts

Front 233

Corticospinal tracts are also called ___________ tracts.

Back 233

Pyramidal tracts

Front 234

Pyramidal tracts is another name for __________ tracts.

Back 234

Corticospinal

Front 235

(Some fibers decussate and others do not) These fibers conduct motor impulses from the brain to control muscle tone and sweat glands.

Back 235

Reticulospinal Tracts

Front 236

Reticulospinal Tracts --> (Some fibers decussate and others do not) These fibers conduct motor impulses from the brain to control ____________ __________ and _____________ _______________.

Back 236

Muscle Tone & Sweat Glands

Front 237

Cross over in the brain, travel through the lateral funiculi and carry motor impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles to coordinate and control posture.

Back 237

Rubrospinal Tracts

Front 238

Rubrospinal Tracts cross over in the brain, travel through the lateral funiculi and carry _________ impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles to coordinate and control posture.

Back 238

Motor

Front 239

Rubrospinal Tracts cross over in the brain, travel through the lateral funiculi and carry motor impulses from the brain to ____________ to coordinate and control posture.

Back 239

Skeletal Muscles

Front 240

Rubrospinal Tracts cross over in the brain, travel through lateral funiculi and carry motor impulses from the brain to the skeletal muscles to _____________ and control ___________.

Back 240

Coordinate & Control Posture

Front 241

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) A grouping of neuron cell bodies inside the CNS.

Back 241

Nucleus

Front 242

(Anatomical Terms for The Brain) The Nucleus is a grouping of ______ ________ ________ inside the CNS.

Back 242

Neuron Cell Bodies

Front 243

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) The Nucleus is a grouping of neuron cell bodies inside the _____.

Back 243

CNS

Front 244

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) The nucleus is a grouping of neuron cell bodies _______ the CNS.

Back 244

INSIDE

Front 245

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) A grouping of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.

Back 245

Ganglion

Front 246

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) A Ganglion is a grouping of neuron cell bodies ________ the CNS.

Back 246

OUTSIDE

Front 247

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) A Ganglion is a grouping of _________ _______ _________ outside the CNS.

Back 247

Neuron Cell Bodies

Front 248

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) A Ganglion is a grouping of neuron cell bodies outside the _______.

Back 248

CNS

Front 249

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) A network of interlaced nerves (blood vessels) outside the CNS and occurs only in the PNS (it is a complex of nerves where they combine together redistribution their fibers among themselves in an orderly manner and then branch out differently to form a greater number of distinct nerves)

Back 249

Plexus

Front 250

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) The Plexus is a network of interlaced nerves (________ ______) outside the CNS and occur only in the PNS.

Back 250

Blood Vessels

Front 251

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) The Plexus is a network of _________ __________ (blood vessels) outside the CNS and occurs only in the PNS.

Back 251

Interlaced Nerves

Front 252

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) The Plexus is network of interlaced nerves (blood vessels) that occur _______ the CNS and occurs only in the _____.

Back 252

OUTSIDE, PNS

Front 253

(Anatomical Terms For The Brain) The Plexus is a network of interlaced nerves (blood vessels) that occur outside the _____ and occurs only in the _____.

Back 253

CNS --> PNS

Front 254

The cerebrum is divided into ________ and ________ hemisphers by the longitudinal fissure.

Back 254

Right & Left

Front 255

The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres by the __________ __________.

Back 255

Longitudal Fissure

Front 256

The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres by the __________ ___________.

Back 256

Longitudal Fissure

Front 257

The right and left hemispheres are __________ and stabalized by an extention of the menigenges.

Back 257

Separated By

Front 258

An extention of the meninges (duramater)

Back 258

Falx Cerebri

Front 259

(Structure of the Cerebrum) Known as a fissure of which the longitudal fissure serves as example.

Back 259

Very Deep Groove

Front 260

(Structure of the Cerebrum)
(Structure of the Cerebrum)
The Very Deep Groove is known as a _________ of which the longitudal fissure serves as example.

Back 260

Fissure

Front 261

(Structure of the Cerebrum)
The Very Deep Groove is known as a fissure of which the ___________ __________ serves as example.

Back 261

Longitudal Fissure

Front 262

(Structure of the Cerebrum) Known as a sulcus of which the ventral sulcus serves as an example.

Back 262

Shallow Groove

Front 263

(Structure of the Cerebrum) The Shallow Groove is known as a ________ of which the ventral sulcus serves as an example.

Back 263

Sulcus

Front 264

(Structure of the Cerebrum) The Shallow Groove is known as a sulcus of which the __________ ___________ serves as an example.

Back 264

Ventral Sulcus

Front 265

(Structure of the Cerebrum) (Shallow Groove) Major ________ divide each hemisphere into lobes.

Back 265

Sulci

Front 266

(Structure of the Cerebrum) (Shallow Groove) Major sulci divide each hemisphere into ____________.

Back 266

Lobes

Front 267

(Strucure of the Cerebrum) (Shallow Groove) The distinction between the parietal lobes is more __________ than _________, as it does not have a defining sulcus.

Back 267

Functional than Anatomical

Front 268

(Structure of the Cerebrum) (Shallow Groove) The distinction between the parietal lobes is more functional than anatomical, as it does not have a defining ____________.

Back 268

Sulcus

Front 269

(Structure of the Cerebrum) (Shallow Groove) Smooth, irregular elevated area is known as a

Back 269

Convolution

Front 270

(Structure of the Cerebrum) (Shallow Groove) The combination of the _________ and __________ create the brain's characteristic appearance.

Back 270

Sulci & Convoltions

Front 271

What is your least favorite class you ever took?

Back 271

Zoology 171

Front 272

(Structure of the Cerebrum) The cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by the _________________.

Back 272

Transverse Fissure

Front 273

(Structure of the Cerebrum) TRUE/FALSE: The cerebrum is the smallest part of the brain.

Back 273

FALSE --> LARGEST

Front 274

The largest part of the brain.

Back 274

Cerebrum

Front 275

(Structure of the Cerebrum) Hemispheres are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called ____________.

Back 275

Corpus Callosum

Front 276

(Structure of the Cerebrum) Hemisphers are connected by a bridge of ________ _________ called Corpus Callosum.

Back 276

Nerve Fibers

Front 277

(Structure of the Cerebrum) __________ are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called corpus callosum.

Back 277

Hemisphers

Front 278

(Structure of the Cerebrum) Where is the corpus callosum located?

Back 278

at the bottom of the longitudal fissure

Front 279

(Structure of the Cerebrum) What is located at the bottom of the longitudal fissure?

Back 279

Corpus Callosum

Front 280

(Structure of the Cerebrum) Many ridges are present on the surface of the brain called ____________ that serve to increase the surface area, and therefore the extent of cortex that may be present.

Back 280

Convolutions

Front 281

(Strucure of the Cerebrum)
Many ridges are present on the surgace of the brain called Convolutions that serve to increase the _________ ______, and therefore the extent of the cortex that may be present.

Back 281

Surface Area

Front 282

Named for the major cranial bones under which they lie.

Back 282

Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres

Front 283

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) "The Thinker"

Back 283

Frontal Lobe

Front 284

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) Located at the anterior aspect of the frontal lobe.

Back 284

Frontal Lobe

Front 285

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) Extends posteriorly to the central sulcus and postcrolatcrally to temporal lobe at the lateral sulcus.

Back 285

Frontal Lobe

Front 286

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Functions in conscious awareness, pre-motor and motor activities.

Back 286

Frontal Lobe

Front 287

The frontal lobe functions in ________ ________, pre-motor and motor activities.

Back 287

Conscious Awareness

Front 288

The frontal lobe functions in conscious awareness, ____-_____ and motor activities.

Back 288

Pre-Motor

Front 289

The frontal lobe functions in conscious awareness, pre-motor and ______ activities.

Back 289

Motor

Front 290

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) The "Feeler" or Sensor"

Back 290

Parietal Lobe

Front 291

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Located posterior to the central sulcus over the posterior aspect of the cerebrum to a 45 degree angle.

Back 291

Parietal Lobe

Front 292

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Extends laterally and inferiorly to the region of the lateral sulcus.

Back 292

Parietal Lobe

Front 293

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Functions in the processing of sensory input from the body in general.

Back 293

Parietal Lobe

Front 294

The parietal lobe functions in the processing of ________ input from the body in general.

Back 294

Sensory

Front 295

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) The "Listener"

Back 295

Temporal Lobe

Front 296

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Located deep to the temporal bone and ears.

Back 296

Temporal Lobe

Front 297

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Functions in hearing, auditory patterns and visual memory.

Back 297

Temporal Lobe

Front 298

The temporal lobe functions in _________, auditory patterns and visual memory.

Back 298

hearing

Front 299

The temporal lobe functions in hearing, _________ __________, and visual memory.

Back 299

auditory patterns

Front 300

The temporal lobe functions in hearing, auditory patterns and ________ ________.

Back 300

visual memory

Front 301

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) The "seer"

Back 301

Occipital Lobe

Front 302

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Located in the inferior posterior aspect of the cerebrum, just superior to the tranverse function.

Back 302

Occipital Lobe

Front 303

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere) Functions in visual processing, recognition and vision itself.

Back 303

Occipital Lobe

Front 304

The occipital lobe functions in ________ _______, recognition and vision itself.

Back 304

visual processing

Front 305

The occipital lobe functions in visual processing, ____________, and vision itself.

Back 305

recognition

Front 306

(Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) Located buried beneath a combination of the temporal and parietal lobes.

Back 306

Insula or Insular Lobe

Front 307

The Insula or Insular Lobe is buried beneath a combination of the ________ & _________ lobes.

Back 307

Temporal and Parietal

Front 308

What are the three functional regions of the cortex?

Back 308

1.) Motor
2.) Sensory
3.) Association

Hint 308

MSA

Front 309

Primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex lie in the __________ __________ (gyrus sing) of the frontal lobe.

Back 309

Precentral Gyri

Front 310

_________ ________ _____ of the cerebral cortex lie in the Precentral Gyri (gyrus sing) of the frontal lobe.

Back 310

Primary Motor Areas

Front 311

The pyramidal cells which are named due to the pyramidal shape of their cell body.

Back 311

Primary Cells

Front 312

Impulses from the pyramidal cells travel down through the brainstem to ______________ tracts.

Back 312

Corticospinal

Front 313

Corticospinal fibers synapse with the ____________ ___________ of the anterior horn cells.

Back 313

Motor Neurons

Front 314

Corticospinal fibers synapse with the motor neurons of the __________ _________ cells.

Back 314

Anterior Horn

Front 315

When the corticospinal fibers synapse with the motor neurons of the anterior horn cells this is where the ____________ motor neurons connect with the _______ motor neurons.

Back 315

UPPER & LOWER

Front 316

(Function of the Cerebrum) In the final function the impulse is then conveyed directly to the _______ __________ by the anterior horn cells.

Back 316

Skeletal muscles

Front 317

_____________ & _____________ coordinate balance and posture.

Back 317

Reticulospinal & Rubrospinal

Front 318

Reticulospinal and Rubrospinal coordinate _________ and _________.

Back 318

Balance and Posture

Front 319

Some of their impulses function to inhibit motor actions.

Back 319

Reticulospinal & Rubrospinal

Front 320

Reticulospinal & Rubrospinal --> some of their impulses function to inhibit _________ __________.

Back 320

Motor Actions

Front 321

TRUE/FALSE Reticulospinal & Rubrospinal are "somatic"

Back 321

FALSE autonomic

Front 322

Located only on the left side of the brain and functions to coordinate the complex muscular actions of the mouth.

Back 322

Broca's Area

Front 323

This is why some stroke suffereres have more speech problems than otheres. (R or L sided stroke)

Back 323

Broca's Area located on the left side of the brain

Front 324

Broca's are is in a region also called the ________ __________ ___________ which coordinates the movements of the eyes and eyelids.

Back 324

Frontal Eye Field

Front 325

Broca's area is in a region called the frontal eye field which coordinates the movements of the _____ and ___________.

Back 325

Eyes and Eyelids

Front 326

Interpret impulses from sensory receptors producing feeling, sensations or responses.

Back 326

Sensory Areas

Front 327

__________ ____________ ___________ are located in the postcentral gyri in the parietal lobe.

Back 327

Primary Sensory Areas

Front 328

Primary Sensory Areas are lovated in the __________ _________ in the parietal lobe.

Back 328

Postcentral Gyri

Front 329

These areas are not primarily motor or sensory in function.

Back 329

Association areas

Front 330

These areas are found throughout the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes.

Back 330

Association areas

Front 331

These areas function are to analyze and interpret sensory input, help provide memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement and emotions.

Back 331

Association areas

Front 332

(Associative Function of Lobes) Planning, thinking, control of emotional behavior and awareness of its consequences.

Back 332

Frontal Lobe

Front 333

(Associative Function of Lobes) Interpretation of sensory input, speech and word choices, awareness of forms of objects.

Back 333

Parietal Lobe

Front 334

(Associative Functions of Lobes) Speech and reading, storage of memory of visual scenes, music and complex sensory patterns.

Back 334

Temporal Lobe

Front 335

(Assosiative Function of Lobes) Analyzing visual patterns and combining them with other sensory experiences such as recognizing a person

Back 335

Occipital Lobe

Front 336

Area at the posterior end of the lateral sulcus. Manages complex thought, information consolidation, word recognition and arrangement, thought, expression and understanding.

Back 336

General Interpretive Area (Wernicke's Area)

Front 337

The general interpretive area (Wernicke's area) is at the posterior end of the ____________ ________ and it manages complex thought, information consolidation, word recognition and arrangement, thought, expression and understanding.

Back 337

Lateral Sulcus

Front 338

Over 90% of people have ____________ hemisphere dominance.

Back 338

Left-sided

Front 339

Over ___% of people have left-sided hemisphere dominance.

Back 339

90%

Front 340

Hemisphere dominance also applies to every other characteristic of _________ functioning.

Back 340

Cerebral

Front 341

Marked clinical examples in cases affecting the left hemisphere are evident in speech disorders due to _________ area being there.

Back 341

Broca's

Front 342

The persistence of learning

Back 342

Memory

Front 343

Memory is the persistence of ________.

Back 343

Learning

Front 344

Memory is the __________ of learning.

Back 344

Persistance

Front 345

______________ is the persistence of learning.

Back 345

Memory

Front 346

What are the two types of memory?

Back 346

Short & Long Term

Front 347

"Working Memory"

Back 347

Short-term

Front 348

Thought to be a process of a circuitous series of neurons where the last stimulates the first.

Back 348

Short-term memory

Front 349

When electrochemical event ceases, do does the memory -- unless it enters the __________ __________ memory.

Back 349

Long Term

Front 350

When electrochemical event ceases, so does the __________, unless it enters long term memory.

Back 350

Memory

Front 351

Thought to change the structure of function and enhance synaptic patterns such that memory can be maintained of long-termed.

Back 351

Long-term memory

Front 352

(Two Requirements for Long Term Memory) Each of the 10 billion neurons can make tens of thousands of connections to other ________.

Back 352

neurons

Front 353

(Two Requirements for Long Term Memory) A certain pattern of synapses can remain _________ for years.

Back 353

Unchanged

Front 354

The process by which short-term memory is converted to long-term memory.

Back 354

Memory Consolidation

Front 355

Cerebral Cortex Areas are called:

Back 355

Hippocampus

Front 356

The process whereby hippocampus "rewire" your brain.

Back 356

Long-term synaptic potentiation

Front 357

A "Habit" "Chronic Thought" is an example of a :

Back 357

Long-term synaptic potentiation

Front 358

Composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen and the globus pallidus.

Back 358

Basal Nuclei

Front 359

Secretes most of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, dopamine.

Back 359

Basal Nuclei

Front 360

Inhibits motor functions by controlling certain muscular activities. Relay stations for motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex.

Back 360

Basal Nuclei

Front 361

Forms the center core of the forebrain and includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus. These three paired structures generally enclose the third ventricle.

Back 361

Diencephalon

Front 362

Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Back 362

Diencephalon

Front 363

Other parts of this include the optic tract, optic chaiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituiatary gland, mammilary bodies and the pineal gland

Back 363

Diencephalon

Front 364

Located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem (and below the corpus collasum)

Back 364

Diencephalon

Front 365

The diencephalon is located between the ________ ___________ and above the brainstem (and below the corpus collasum)

Back 365

Cerebral Hemispheres

Front 366

The diencephalon is located between the cerebral hemisphere and above the _________(and below the corpus collasum)

Back 366

Brainstem

Front 367

the Diencephalon is lovated between the cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem (and below the ____________ ___________)

Back 367

Corpus Collasum

Front 368

Diencephalon surrounds the ________ ventricle and is composed largely of grey matter.

Back 368

Third

Front 369

Diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle and is composed largely of _________ ____________.

Back 369

Grey Matter

Front 370

Surrounds the third ventricle and is composed largely of grey matter.

Back 370

Diencephalon

Front 371

(Diencephalon) A dense mass that bulges into the third ventricle from each side.

Back 371

Thalamus

Front 372

(Diencephalon) A selective gateway for sensory impulses ascending from much of the nervous system.

Back 372

Thalamus

Front 373

(Diencephalon) The thalamus is a ________ ________ for sensory impulses ascending from much of the nervous system.

Back 373

Selective Gateway

Front 374

(Diencephalon) The thalamus is a selective gateway for ________ impulses ascending from much of the nervous system.

Back 374

Sensory

Front 375

(Diencephalon) Channels all sensory input except taste and smell to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex.

Back 375

Thalamus

Front 376

(Diencephalon) The thalamus channels all input except _______ & smell to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex.

Back 376

Taste

Front 377

(Diecephalon) The thalamus channels all sensory input except taste & _______ to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex.

Back 377

Smell

Front 378

(Diencephalon) The thalamus channels all sensory input except __________ & ________ to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex.

Back 378

Taste & Smell

Front 379

Cerebral cortex communicates with the thalamus by means of _________ _________.

Back 379

Descending Fibers

Front 380

(Diencephalon) Cerebral cortex communicates with the thalamus by the means of _______ _________.

Back 380

Descending Fibers

Front 381

(Diencephalon) Acts as sort of a sensory "clearing house" for afferent impulses.

Back 381

Thalamus

Front 382

(Dicencephalon) Functions to synchronize action potentials for interpretation by the cortex.

Back 382

Thalamus

Front 383

(Diencephalon) The thalamus functions to ___________ action potentials for interpretation by the cortex.

Back 383

Synchornize

Front 384

(Diecephalon) Functions not only as a messenger, but a coordinator.

Back 384

Thalamus

Front 385

(Diecephalon) Below the thalamus and above the infundibulum and pituitary.

Back 385

Hypothalamus

Front 386

(Dicephalon) Regulates heart pressure

Back 386

Hypothalamus

Front 387

(Diecephalon) Regulates blood pressure

Back 387

Hypothalamus

Front 388

(Diecephalon) Regulates water (fluid) and electrolyte balance

Back 388

Hypothalamus

Front 389

(Diecephalon) Control of hunger and body weight.

Back 389

Hypothalamus

Front 390

(Diecephalon) Control of movements and glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines.

Back 390

Hypothalamus

Front 391

(Diecephalon) Control of movements and glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines.

Back 391

Hypothalamus

Front 392

(Diecephalon) Production of neurosecretory substances that stimulate the pituitary gland to release hormones that help regulate growth, control various glands, and influence reproductive psychology.

Back 392

Hypothalamus

Front 393

Structures in the diecephalon are important in controlling ________ responses - limbic system.

Back 393

Emotional

Front 394

System comprised of portions of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, balal nuclei and other deep nuclei.

Back 394

Limbic System

Front 395

Controls emotional experience and expression and, consequently behavior.

Back 395

Limbic System

Front 396

Fear, Anger, Pleasure & Sorrow are all examples of this system.

Back 396

Limbic System

Front 397

Portions of the limbic system interpret sensory impulses of olfaction, hence, aromatherapy and ___________.

Back 397

perfume

Front 398

This is comprised of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

Back 398

Brainstem

Front 399

(Brainstem) Located between the dienchephalon and the pons.

Back 399

Mid-brain

Front 400

(Brainstem) Contains nuclei that acts as reflex centers and the cerebral aqeuduct

Back 400

Mid-brain

Front 401

(Brainstem) Function is mainly to join the lower parts of the brainstem with the higher parts of the brain.

Back 401

Mid-brain

Front 402

(Brainstem) Location: A round, elongated bulge on the underside of the brainstem

Back 402

Pons

Front 403

(Brainstem) Separates the midbrain from the medulla oblangata.

Back 403

Pons

Front 404

(Brainstem) Contains several nuclei that function with the medulla oblangata to regulate rate and depth of breathing.

Back 404

Pons

Front 405

(Brainstem) Relays impulses to and from medulla.

Back 405

Pons

Front 406

(Brainstem) Located between the pons and the spinal cord on the underside of the brain.

Back 406

Medulla Oblongata

Front 407

(Brainstem) Contains all of the ascending and descending fibers between the brain and spinal cord.

Back 407

Medulla Oblongata

Front 408

(Brainstem) Contains nuclei that control heart rate, blood vessel diameter (volume of flow & pressure)

Back 408

Medulla Oblongata

Front 409

(Brainstem) Contains nuclei that control reflexes for sneezing, swallowing, coughing and vomiting.

Back 409

Medulla Oblongata

Front 410

(Brainstem) Contains the cardiac, vasometer, and respiratory (along with pons) center

Back 410

Medulla Oblongata

Front 411

(Brainstem) Regulates and mediates swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, BP & HR

Back 411

Medulla Oblongata

Front 412

Scattered throughout the medulla, pons and midbrain.

Back 412

Reticular Formation

Front 413

Contains or Defined as an intricate network of fibers that mediate many basic functions.

Back 413

Reticular Formation

Front 414

Scattered throughout the medulla, pons and midbrain.

Back 414

Reticular Formation

Front 415

The Reticular formation contains or is defined as a network of _______ that mediate many basic functions.

Back 415

Fibers

Front 416

Contains or Defined as an intricate network of fibers that mediate many basic functions.

Back 416

Reticular Formation

Front 417

Activates the cerebral cortex so it can interpret sensory information and carry on the processes of thought, filters sensory info for importance and basically prevents what would otherwise be a continual bombardment of sensory stimulation and allows a more selective process for more significant information.

Back 417

Reticular Formation

Front 418

The Reticular formation contains or is defined as a network of _______ that mediate many basic functions.

Back 418

Fibers

Front 419

Prevents a continual bombardment of sensory stimulation

Back 419

Reticular Formation

Front 420

Activates the cerebral cortex so it can interpret sensory information and carry on the processes of thought, filters sensory info for importance and basically prevents what would otherwise be a continual bombardment of sensory stimulation and allows a more selective process for more significant information.

Back 420

Reticular Formation

Front 421

(Summary) Regulates consciousness, sleep, awareness and sensation.

Back 421

Reticular Formation

Front 422

Prevents a continual bombardment of sensory stimulation

Back 422

Reticular Formation

Front 423

(Summary) Regulates consciousness, sleep, awareness and sensation.

Back 423

Reticular Formation

Front 424

What are the two types of sleep?

Back 424

1) Slow wave sleep
2) Rapid Eye Movement

Front 425

What are the two types of sleep?

Back 425

1) Slow wave sleep
2) Rapid Eye Movement

Front 426

How many levels are in slow wave sleep?

Back 426

4

Front 427

How many levels are in slow wave sleep?

Back 427

4

Front 428

(TRUE/FALSE) Level 2 sleep is a deeper sleep than level 4 sleep.

Back 428

FALSE

Front 429

(TRUE/FALSE) Level 2 sleep is a deeper sleep than level 4 sleep.

Back 429

FALSE

Front 430

(TRUE/FALSE) Slow wave sleep is dreamless.

Back 430

TRUE

Front 431

(TRUE/FALSE) Slow wave sleep is dreamless.

Back 431

TRUE

Front 432

Paradoxical sleep is also known as ________.

Back 432

REM

Front 433

REM sleep is also called __________________.

Back 433

Paradoxical sleep

Front 434

In which type of sleep are the MR, HR, brain activities may be at near-normal levels?

Back 434

REM/Paradoxical

Front 435

Dreaming occurs during this kind of sleep.

Back 435

REM

Front 436

Consists of layers of CT surrounding bundles of nerve fibers.

Back 436

Peripheral Nerves

Front 437

Outermost (dense) CT layer is the epineurium, which surrounds the entire nerve.

Back 437

Peripheral Nerves

Front 438

Encloses a number of bundles of nerve fibers called a fasicle.

Back 438

Peripheral Nerves

Front 439

(Peripheral Nerves) Fasicle is bounded by a "looser" CT called the _________.

Back 439

Perineurium

Front 440

(Peripheral Nerves) Individual nerve fibers are encased in loose CT called the __________.

Back 440

Endoneurium

Front 441

(Peripheral Nerves) The epieneurium and perineurium both contain blood vessels for the provision of nutrient gas exchange for the ________(recall simple diffusion and concentration gradients)

Back 441

neurons

Front 442

(Peripheral Nerves) The epinereum and perineurium both contain __________ __________ for the provision of nutrient gas exchange for the neurons (recall simple diffusion and concentration gradients)

Back 442

blood vessels

Front 443

(Peripheral Nerves) The ______________ & epinereum both contain blood vessels for the provision of nutrient gas exchange for the neurons (recall simple diffusion and concentration gradients)

Back 443

perineurium

Front 444

(Peripheral Nerves) The perineurium & __________ both contain blood vessels for the provision of nutrient gas exchange for the neurons. (recall simple diffusion and concentration gradients)

Back 444

epineurium

Front 445

(Peripheral Nerves) The periuneurium & epineurium both contain blood vessels for the provision of ______ ________ ____________ for the neurons. (recall simple diffusioin and concentration gradients)

Back 445

nutrient gas exchange

Front 446

Soma

Back 446

Body

Front 447

Efferent

Back 447

Exiting, going out of

Front 448

Afferent

Back 448

Entering, going into

Front 449

Visceral

Back 449

Internal organs, not the voluntary things like muscles and skin

Front 450

Special

Back 450

Other than general, such as facial or functional. Special Senses

Front 451

Body

Back 451

Soma

Front 452

Exiting, going out of

Back 452

Efferent

Front 453

Enter, going into

Back 453

Afferent

Front 454

Internal organs, not the voluntary things like muscles and skin.

Back 454

Visceral

Front 455

Other than general, such as facial or functional.

Back 455

Special

Front 456

Carry motor impulses outward from CNS to skeletal muscles.

Back 456

General Somatic Efferent Fibers

Front 457

General Somatic Efferent Fibers cary motor impulses outward from the CNS to ______________ ______________.

Back 457

Skeletal Muscles

Front 458

Carry motor impulses outward from CNS to various smooth muscles and associated organs/glands.

Back 458

General Visceral Efferent Fibers

Front 459

General Visceral Efferent Fibers carry motor impulses outward from the CNS to various _________ muscles and associated _______/__________.

Back 459

Smooth; Organs/Glands

Front 460

Carry sensory impulses inward to the CNS from skin/muscle.

Back 460

General Somatic Afferent Fibers

Front 461

General Somatic Afferent Fibers carry sensory impulses ________ to the CNS from __________/__________.

Back 461

Inward; Skin/Muscle

Front 462

Carry sensory afferent impulses to the CNS from the blood vessels and internal organs.

Back 462

General Visceral Afferent Fibers

Front 463

General Visceral Afferent Fibers carry sensory afferent impulses to the CNS from the _______ __________ and __________ organs.

Back 463

Blood Vessels and Internal Organs

Front 464

Carry motor impulses outward from the brain to the muscles used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and facial expression.

Back 464

General Somatic Efferent Fibers

Front 465

General Somatic Efferent Fibers carry motor impulses _______ from the brain to the _________ used in chewing, swallowing, speaking and facial.

Back 465

Outward; Muscles

Front 466

Carry sensory impulses inward to the brain from the olfactroy and taste receptors.

Back 466

Special Visceral Afferent Fibers

Front 467

Special Visceral Afferent Fibers carry sensory impulses ________ to the brain from the _______ and ________ receptors.

Back 467

Inward; Olfactory and Taste

Front 468

Carry sensory impulses inward to the brain from the receptors of sight, hearing and equilibrium.

Back 468

Special Somatic Afferent Fibers

Front 469

Special Somatic Afferent Fibers carry sensory impulses _______ to the brain from the receptors of __________, __________ and __________.

Back 469

Inward; Sight, Hearing & Equilibrium

Front 470

TRUE/FALSE Cranial Nerves are part of the CNS.

Back 470

FALSE

Front 471

(CRANIAL NERVES) ___ pairs (one right and one left of each of cranial nerves are _________ nerves.

Back 471

12; Peripheral

Front 472

(CRANIAL NERVES) Some are MIXED, some are SENSORY, some are ___________.

Back 472

MOTOR

Front 473

(CRANIAL NERVES) Some are MIXED, some are __________, some are MOTOR.

Back 473

SENSORY

Front 474

(CRANIAL NERVES) Some are __________, some are SENSORY, some are MOTOR.

Back 474

MIXED

Front 475

(CRANIAL NERVES) Only their __________ functions are considered.

Back 475

Primary

Front 476

Cranial Nerves are organized from ________ to _________ from their point of departure from the CNS.

Back 476

Anterior to Posterior

Front 477

(CRANIAL NERVES) Sensory-sense of smell, terminate in the nasal mucosa via the olfactory bulbs and limbic system

Back 477

Olfactory Nerves

Front 478

(CRANIAL NERVES) Olfactory nerves- ________- sense of _______.

Back 478

Sensory; Smell

Front 479

(CRANIAL NERVES) Olfactory nerves terminate in the _______ _______ via the olfactory bulbs and limbic system.

Back 479

Nasal Mucosa

Front 480

(CRANIAL NERVES) Sensory - Carry impulses from retina of eye to optic chiasma, tract and visual cortex.

Back 480

Optic Nerves

Front 481

(CRANIAL NERVES) Optic Nerves are (Sensory/Motor/Mixed)

Back 481

Sensory

Front 482

(CRANIAL NERVES) Optic Nerves carry impulses from retina of ________ to optic chiasma, tract and _______ cortex.

Back 482

Eye; Visual

Front 483

(CRANIAL NERVES) Motor- Carries impulses from midbrain to eyelids and 4 of 6 of the muscles of eye movement (Sup. rectus, Inf. rectus, Med. rectus, Inf. Oblique)

Back 483

Oculomotor

Front 484

(CRANIAL NERVES) Second portion of oculomotor controls involuntary action of the internal muscles of the ____.

Back 484

EYE

Front 485

(CRANIAL NERVES) Oculomotor nerves are (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 485

Motor

Front 486

(CRANIAL NERVES) Oculomotor nerves carry impulses from midbrain to ____________ and 4 of 6 muscles of ________ movement.

Back 486

Eyelids; Eye

Front 487

(CRANIAL NERVES) Motor- Innervation of superior oblique eye muscle.

Back 487

Trochlear

Front 488

(CRANIAL NERVES) The trochlear is (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 488

Motor

Front 489

(CRANIAL NERVES) The trochlear is the innervation of __________ oblique eye muscle.

Back 489

Superior

Front 490

(CRANIAL NERVES) The Trochlear is the innervation of superior _______ eye muscle.

Back 490

Oblique

Front 491

(CRANIAL NERVES) The Trochlear is the innervation of superior obilque _____ muscle.

Back 491

Eye

Front 492

(CRANIAL NERVES) Mixed- Three branches (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) [chewing]sensation for the upper and lower mouth parts.

Back 492

Trigeminal

Front 493

(CRANIAL NERVES) Trigeminal nerves are (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 493

MIXED

Front 494

(CRANIAL NERVES)
Trigeminal nerves contain three branches (opathalmic, maxillary, mandibular). [_____________] sensation for upper and lower mouth parts.

Back 494

Chewing

Front 495

(CRANIAL NERVES) Trigeminal nerves contain three branches (opathalmic, maxillary, mandibular) [chewing]sensation for __________ and __________ mouth parts.

Back 495

Upper & Lower

Front 496

(CRANIAL NERVES) Motor- Lateral rectus eye muscle (think to abduct- take away from)

Back 496

Abducens

Front 497

(CRANIAL NERVES) Abducens are (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 497

Motor

Front 498

(CRANIAL NERVES) Abducens are in the lateral rectus ________ muscle.

Back 498

Eye

Front 499

(CRANIAL NERVES) Abducens are in the ________ rectus eye muscle.

Back 499

Lateral

Front 500

(CRANIAL NERVES) Abducens are in the lateral _______ eye muscle.

Back 500

Rectus

Front 501

(CRANIAL NERVES) Mixed- Nicknamed the "nerve of facial expression), motor to facial muscles and salivary glands, senses taste on the anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, salty and sour)

Back 501

Facial

Front 502

(CRANIAL NERVES) Facial nerves are (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 502

MIXED

Front 503

(CRANIAL NERVES) Facial nerves are nicknamed the "nerve of _______ ______"

Back 503

Facial Expression

Front 504

(CRANIAL NERVES) Motor to _____ muscles and __________ ____________.

Back 504

Facial; Salivary

Front 505

(CRANIAL NERVES) In Facial Nerves 2/3 of taste senses are on the anterior 2/3 of tongue (_______, _______ and ______)

Back 505

Sweet, Salty and Sour

Front 506

(CRANIAL NERVES) Sensory- (old name - auditory) - a vestibular portion that senses balance cochlear portion senses hearing both come from the inner ear.

Back 506

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

Front 507

(CRANIAL NERVES) Vestibulocochlear is (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 507

SENSORY

Front 508

(CRANIAL NERVES) Old-name auditory.

Back 508

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

Front 509

(CRANIAL NERVES) In Vestibulocochlear the vestibular portion senses __________.

Back 509

Balance

Front 510

(CRANIAL NERVES) In Vestibulocochlear the cochlear portion senses ________.

Back 510

Hearing

Front 511

(CRANIAL NERVES) In Vestibularcochlear both Vestibular & Cochlear (Balance & Hearing) come from the _______ __________.

Back 511

Inner Ear

Front 512

(CRANIAL NERVES) Mixed- Tongue and pharynx. Posterior third of the tongue (Bitter and Umami) Which means "delicious"

Back 512

Glossopharyngeal

Front 513

(CRANIAL NERVES) Glossopharyngeal is (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 513

MIXED

Front 514

(CRANIAL NERVES)
Glossopharyngeal is the posterior (___/___) of the tongue. (__________ & __________.) Which means "delicious."

Back 514

1/3; Umami

Front 515

(CRANIAL NERVES) Glossopharygeal is the __________ (1/3) of the tongue. (Bitter and Umami.) Which means "____________"

Back 515

Posterior; Delicious

Front 516

(CRANIAL NERVES) Mixed- Contains both somatic and visceral fibers, but mostly visceral motor includes the muscles of swallowing and speech with sensory from much the same visceral fibers innervate all of the visceral organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Back 516

Vagus

Front 517

(CRANIAL NERVES) Vagus is (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 517

MIXED

Front 518

(CRANIAL NERVES) Vagus contains both ________ and ________ fibers.

Back 518

Somatic and Visceral

Front 519

(CRANIAL NERVES) In Vagus Nerves the Visceral Motor portion includes the muscles of _________ and the sensory of _________. Also the same visceral fibers innervate all of the visceral organs of the _________ and _________.

Back 519

Swallowing and Speech
Thoracic and Abdomen

Front 520

(CRANIAL NERVES) Motor- Originates in both medulla and spinal cord, cranial serves the soft palate, larynx and pharynx spinal serves as SCM and trapezius.

Back 520

(spinal) Accessory

Front 521

(CRANIAL NERVES) Accessory Nerves are (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 521

Motor

Front 522

(CRANIAL NERVES) Accessory Nerves originate in both the ______ __________ and the _________ _______.

Back 522

Medulla Oblongata & Spinal Cord

Front 523

(CRANIAL NERVES) In Accessory Nerves the cranial portion serves the soft palate, _________ & ________. The spinal serves SCM and ___________.

Back 523

Larynx and Pharnyx
Trapezius

Front 524

(CRANIAL NERVES) Motor- Innervates tongue for speaking, chewing and swallowing.

Back 524

Hypoglossal

Front 525

(CRANIAL NERVES) Hypoglossal is (SENSORY/MOTOR/MIXED)

Back 525

Motor

Front 526

(CRANIAL NERVES) Hypoglossal innervates the tongue for ___________, __________ and swallowing.

Back 526

Speaking, Chewing & Swallowing

Front 527

These nerves originate from the spinal cord and are ALL mixed nerves.

Back 527

Spinal Nerves

Front 528

These nerves provide two-way communication between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

Back 528

Spinal Nerves

Front 529

There are _______ pairs of spinal nerves numbered from the vertebral segments from which they arise.

Back 529

31

Front 530

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves numbered from the ___________ ____________ from which they arise.

Back 530

Vertebral Segments

Front 531

(SPINAL NERVES) (CHART) The cervical region contains ________ nerves. Cervical has __ vertebrae with the nerves named by the vertebrae ________.

Back 531

8; 7; Below

Front 532

(SPINAL NERVES) (CHART) The thoracic region contains _____ nerves. Thoracic nerves emerge from _______ their corresponding vertebrae.

Back 532

12; Below

Front 533

(SPINAL NERVES) (CHART) The lumbar region contains _____ nerves. Lumbar nerves emerge from _________ their corresponding vertebrae.

Back 533

5; Below

Front 534

(SPINAL NERVES) (CHART) The sacral region contains ____ nerves. Sacral nerves emerge from ______ their corresponding vertebral segments.

Back 534

5; Below

Front 535

(SPINAL NERVES) (CHART) The coccygeal region contains ___ nerve. The mid and lower lumbar nerves emerge from the ________ _________ below the conus medularis.

Back 535

1; Cauda Equina

Front 536

Each Spinal Nerve has ____ roots which join to form complete nerve __________.

Back 536

2; Structure

Front 537

Each Spinal Nerve has ___ roots which join to form and complete _______ structure.

Back 537

2; Nerve

Front 538

What are the two roots which join to form and complete the nerve structure of a spinal nerve?

Back 538

Dorsal Root & Ventral Root

Front 539

(SPINAL NERVE) (ROOTS) Posterior, or sensory root (do not confuse with Post. ramus or branch)

Back 539

Dorsal Root

Front 540

(SPINAL NERVES) (ROOTS)
The Dorsal Root contains the _______ _________ ________, which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons of that particular nerve.

Back 540

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Front 541

(SPINAL NERVES) (ROOTS)
The Dorsal Root contains the Dorsal Root Ganglion which contains the cell bodies of __________ neurons of that particular nerve.

Back 541

Sensory

Front 542

(SPINAL NERVES) (ROOTS)
In the Dorsal Root Ganglion, the neurons conduct their impulses ________ to the CNS.

Back 542

Inward

Front 543

(SPINAL NERVES) (DORSAL ROOTS) An area of the skin that the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate.

Back 543

Dermatone

Front 544

(SPINAL NERVES) (DORSAL ROOTS) A Dermatone is an area of the ______ that the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate.

Back 544

Skin

Front 545

(SPINAL NERVES) (DORSAL ROOTS) A Dermatone is an area of the skin that the ________ __________ _______ of a particular spinal nerve innervate.

Back 545

Sensory Nerve Fibers

Front 546

(SPINAL NERVES) (ROOTS) Anterior, or motor root. (Do not confuse with Ant. ramus or branch)

Back 546

Ventral Root

Front 547

(SPINAL NERVES) (ROOTS) Does NOT have a GANGLION.

Back 547

Ventral Root

Front 548

(SPINAL NERVES) (ROOTS)
Composed of axons, whose cell bodies are in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and conducts their impulses outward to the body.

Back 548

Ventral Root

Front 549

(SPINAL NERVES) The Ventral Root is composed of ______, whose cell bodies are in the anterior horns of the _______ _________ and conduct their impulses _________ to the ________.

Back 549

Axons, Spinal Cord, Outward, Body

Front 550

The Dorsal and Ventral Roots unite to form the _______ Nerve.

Back 550

Spinal

Front 551

Spinal Nerves exit the vertebral column through openings called ________________ ___________ (IVF)

Back 551

Intervertebral Foramen

Front 552

Distal to the IVF, _________ nerves form 3 branches.

Back 552

Spinal

Front 553

(SPINAL NERVES) (BRANCHES) Re-enters the IVF to innervate the meninges & the blood vessels of the cord. The smallest branch.

Back 553

Meningeal Branch

Front 554

(SPINAL NERVES) (BRANCHES) Turns posteriorly to innervate the muscles and skin of the back. The intermediate sized branch.

Back 554

Posterior Branch

Front 555

(SPINAL NERVES) (BRANCHES) Turns anteriorly to innervate the muscles and skin on the front and sides of the trunk and limbs -- the majority of the body. The largest branch.

Back 555

Anterior Branch

Front 556

(SPINAL NERVES) Branches from smallest to largest.

Back 556

Smallest: Meningeal
Intermediate: Posterior
Largest: Anterior

Front 557

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) The Meningeal Branch re-enters the IVF to innervate the _________ and the __________ ________ of the cord.

Back 557

Meninges & Blood Vessels

Front 558

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) The Posterior Branch turns posteriorly to innervate the ________ and __________ of the _________.

Back 558

Muscles and Skin of the Back

Front 559

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) The Anterior Branch turns anteriorly to innervate the ______ and __________ on the _______ and ______ of the _______ and ______-- The majority of the body.

Back 559

Muscles and Skin on the
Front and Sides of the
Trunk and Limbs

Front 560

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) Only in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

Back 560

Visceral Branches

Front 561

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) Go anteriorly from the paravertebral to the visceral organs.

Back 561

Visceral Branches

Front 562

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) The Visceral Branches go anteriorly from the _______________ to the visceral organs.

Back 562

Paravertebral

Front 563

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) The Visceral Branches go anteriorly from the paravertebral to the _________ organs.

Back 563

Visceral

Front 564

(SPINAL NERVE BRANCHES) In the Visceral Branch the paravertebral is also called ____________ chain ___________.

Back 564

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

Front 565

These are formed by the anterior branches of cervical nerves 1 through 4.

Back 565

Cervical Plexuses

Front 566

Cervical Plexuses are formed by the anterior branches of cervical nerves ___ through ___.

Back 566

1 - 4

Front 567

Supply the muscles and skin of the neck.

Back 567

Cervical Plexuses

Front 568

The principal nerve of Cervical Plexuses is the ________ nerve.

Back 568

Phrenic

Front 569

These are formed by the anterior branches of cervical nerves 5 through 8 and thoracic nerve 1.

Back 569

Brachial Plexuses

Front 570

Brachial Plexuses are formed by anterior branches of cervical nerves ____ through ____ and thoracic nerve ___.

Back 570

5 - 8
thoracic nerve 1

Front 571

Innervate most of the muscles and skin of the entire pectoral girdle and upper extremities.

Back 571

Brachial Plexuses

Front 572

Brachial Plexuses innervate most of the muscles and skin of the entire ______ girdle and upper ____________.

Back 572

Pectoral; Upper

Front 573

Muscles of the anterior aspects of arms, of skin & of forearms.

Back 573

Musculocutaneous Nerves

Front 574

Musculocutaneous Nerves are muscles of the anterior aspects of ____, of ______ and of ______.

Back 574

Arms; Skin; Forearms

Front 575

Muscles of the forearms and hands and the skin of the hands.

Back 575

Ulnar Nerves

Front 576

Ulnar Nerves are muscles of the _________ and _________ and the skin of the __________.

Back 576

Forearms and Hands and Skin of the Hands

Front 577

Muscles of the forearms and skin of the hands.

Back 577

Median Nerves

Front 578

Median Nerves are muscles of the ___________ and skin of the _________.

Back 578

Forearms and Skin of the Hands

Front 579

Muscles of the posterior aspect of the arms and the skin of the forearms & the hands.

Back 579

Radial Nerves

Front 580

Radial Nerves are muscles of the ________ aspect of the ________ and the skin of the ________ and the ________.

Back 580

Posterior;
Arms;
Forearms & the Hands

Front 581

Muscles and skin of the superior, lateral and posterior regions of the arm.

Back 581

Axillary Nerves

Front 582

Axillary Nerves contain muscles and skin of the _______, ________ and _______ regions of the arm.

Back 582

Superior, Lateral and Posterior

Front 583

Axillary Nerves contain muscles and skin of the superior, lateral and posterior regions of the ______.

Back 583

Arm

Front 584

(OTHER NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH BRACHIAL PLEXUS)
Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerves => (1) & (2)

Back 584

(1) Pectoralis Major Muscles
(2) Pectoralis Minor Muscles

Hint 584

PP

Front 585

(OTHER NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH BRACHIAL PLEXUS) Dorsal Scapular Nerve => (1) (2)

Back 585

(1) Rhomboideus Major
(2) Levator Scapulae Muscle

Hint 585

RL

Front 586

(OTHER NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH BRACHIAL PLEXUSES) Lower Subscapular Nerve => (1) (2)

Back 586

(1) Subscapularis Major
(2) Teris Major Muscles

Hint 586

ST

Front 587

(ASSOCIATED WITH BRACHIAL PLEXUSES) Throacodorsal Nerve => (1)

Back 587

Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

Hint 587

L

Front 588

(ASSOCIATED WITH BRACHIAL PLEXUSES) Suprascapular Nerve => (1) (2)

Back 588

(1) Supraspinatus Muscles
(2) Infraspinatus Muscles

Hint 588

SI Spinatus

Front 589

A combination of the more commonly termed lumbar plexus and sacral plexux.

Back 589

Lumbosacral Plexus

Front 590

Formbed by the 12th thoracic nerve, all the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves.

Back 590

Lumbosacral Plexus

Front 591

The Lumbosacral Plexuses are formed by the 12th __________ nerve, all the _________, sacral and coccygeal nerves.

Back 591

Thoracic, Lumbar

Front 592

The Lumbosacral Plexuses is formed by the ___th Thoracic nerve, all the Lumbar, ________ and ___________ Nerves.

Back 592

12th, Sacral and Coccygeal

Front 593

The function of the lower trunk of the body , pelvis and lower extremities.

Back 593

Lumbosacral Plexuses

Front 594

The Lumbosacral's function is of the lower ______ of the body, pelvis and lower extremities.

Back 594

Trunk

Front 595

What are the major two branches of the Lumbosacral?

Back 595

Obturator Nerves & Femoral Nerves

Front 596

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) Supply the adducter muscles of the thigh.

Back 596

Obturator Nerves

Front 597

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) Divides into many branches and supplies muscles of the thights and legs and recieves sensory impulses from the skin of the thighs and legs.

Back 597

Femoral Nerves

Front 598

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Obturator Nerves supply the adductor muscles of the __________.

Back 598

Thigh

Front 599

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Obturator Nerves supply the ________ muscles of the thigh.

Back 599

Adducter

Front 600

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Femoral Nerve divides into many branches and supplies muscles of the ______ and ______ and recieves sensory impulses from the _____ of the __________ and _________.

Back 600

Thighs and Legs
Skin of the
Thighs and Legs

Front 601

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) This nerve constitutes the major nerve for the anterior aspect of the lower extremities. (Thigh)

Back 601

Femoral Nerve

Front 602

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Femoral Nerve is the ________ nerve for the anterior aspect of the lower extremities.

Back 602

MAJOR

Front 603

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Femoral Nerve is the Major Nerve for the __________ aspect of the lower extremities. (thigh)

Back 603

ANTERIOR

Front 604

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Femoral Nerve is the Major Nerve for the Anterior aspect of the _____________ __________. (thighs)

Back 604

LOWER EXTREMITIES

Front 605

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The largest (the size of your thumb) and longest nerve in the body.

Back 605

Sciatic Nerve

Front 606

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Sciatic Nerve divides into these two nerves.

Back 606

(1) Tibial
(2) Common Fibular Nerve

Front 607

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) Its branches innervate muscles and skin of the thighs, legs, and feet.

Back 607

Sciatic Nerve

Front 608

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) The Sciatic Nerve innervates muscles and skin of the ___________, __________, and ___________.

Back 608

Thighs, Legs and Feet

Front 609

(OTHER NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) The Pudendal Nerve supplies the muscles of the perineum. Pudendal means "____________"

Back 609

Shameful

Front 610

(LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES) (BRANCHES) Supply the gluteal and tensor fasciae latae muscles.

Back 610

Inferior and Superior Gluteal Nerves

Front 611

Do not enter, or form, a plexus, but instead, travel between the ribs and are called intercostal nerves.

Back 611

Thoracic Spinal Nerves

Front 612

Thoracic Spinal Nerves do not enter, or form, a plexus, but instead travel between the ribs and are called ______________ _____________.

Back 612

Intercostal Nerves

Front 613

(THORACIC SPINAL NERVES) These supply the intercostal muscles, upper abdominal wall muscles and skin.

Back 613

Intercoastal Nerves

Front 614

What may happen if you get a direct injury to the nerve?

Back 614

Trauma & Birth Related Damage -- Cerebral Palsy

Front 615

Spinal injuries may also be from _______(neuroma), ____________(viral [herpes] and bacterial) , and ______________ (diabetic neuropathy)

Back 615

Tumors, Infection, Degeneration

Front 616

Another Spinal Nerve Injury can occur from ______________ (spinal misalignment, a few carpel tunnel), __________ _________ (thoracic outlet syndrome, piriformis-related sciatica, osteoarthrosis of the spine)

Back 616

Impingement, Muscle Crowding

Front 617

Involuntary, as opposed to the (voluntary) somatic NS.

Back 617

Autonomic System

Front 618

Involuntary system where the efferent fibers go to ganglia outside the CNS. and are integrated within the ganglia and relayed to various organs, usually smooth muscles or glands.

Back 618

Autonomic System

Front 619

In the Autonomic System efferent fibers go to ganglia ___________ the CNS, and are integrated within the ganglia and relayed to various organs, usually _______ muscles or _________.

Back 619

Outside
Smooth or Glands

Front 620

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic System?

Back 620

(1) Systematic
(2) Parasystematic

Front 621

Division of the Autonomic System in which the preganglionic fibers are short and the postgangliotic fibers are long.

Back 621

Systematic

Front 622

Division of the Automatic System in which the preganglionic fibers are long and the postganliotic fibers are short.

Back 622

Parasystematic

Front 623

Two divisions of the Autonomic System that balance each other, as they have opposite functions.

Back 623

Systematic & Parasystematic

Front 624

(TRUE/FALSE) Autonomic Nerve Fibers are arranged the same as Somatic Nerve Fibers.

Back 624

FALSE

Front 625

(TRUE/FALSE) All of the Autonomic Nerve Fibers are Sensory, or afferent.

Back 625

FALSE. MOTOR or EFFERENT

Front 626

(TRUE/FALSE) Autonomic Nerve Fibers' pathways contain at least two neurons - one preganlionic and one postganglionic.

Back 626

TRUE

Front 627

In the Autonomic Nerve Fibers, this neuron resides in the CNS and its axon exits into the PNS & terminates the autonomic ganglion.

Back 627

Preganglion Neuron

Front 628

In the Autonomic Nerve Fibers, the Preganglion resides in the ______ and its axon exits into the ______ and terminates the autonomic ganglion

Back 628

CNS => PNS

Front 629

In the Autonomic Nerve Fibers, this neuron resides entirely in the PNS and terminates/synapses in the effector.

Back 629

Postganglionic Neuron

Front 630

In the Autonomic Nerve Fibers, this neuron resides entirely in the ______ and terminates/synapses in the __________.

Back 630

PNS => Effector

Front 631

(AUTONOMIC NERVE FIBERS) The pre- and post- ganglionic neurons synapse within the __________ ___________.

Back 631

Autonomic Ganglion

Front 632

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Fibers arise from the _____ and upper lumbar vertebral levels only.

Back 632

Thoracic

Front 633

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Fibers arise from the thoracic and ______ lumbar vertebral levels only.

Back 633

Upper

Front 634

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Fibers arise from the thoracic and upper _______ vertebral levels only

Back 634

Lumbar

Front 635

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Entirely within the ________________ region.

Back 635

Thoracolumbar Region

Front 636

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Neurons originate in the lateral horns of the cord and exit in the ________ roots.

Back 636

Ventral

Front 637

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Neurons originate in the __________ ____ of the cord and exit in the ventral roots.

Back 637

Lateral Horns

Front 638

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Pass through the ______ _____. (Ramus means "a branch") (sing. ramus, pl. ramus)

Back 638

White Ramus

Front 639

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Pass through the white ramus. Ramus means a " ".

Back 639

Branch

Front 640

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Enter into the _____________ ______________. (or chain ganglia)

Back 640

Sympathetic Ganglia

Front 641

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The _______________ _____________ are found in "chains" along both sides of the vertebral column, along with the fibers that connect them, are called the sympathetic trunks.

Back 641

Paravertebral Ganglia

Front 642

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The Paravertebral Ganglia are found in "chains along both sides of the vertebral column, along with the fibers that connect them are called, _____________ ___________.

Back 642

Sympathetic Trunks

Front 643

Additional Sympathetic Ganglia called _________ ____________ are closer to the visceral organs.

Back 643

Collateral Ganglia

Front 644

Collateral Ganglia are usually associated with ________ blood cells.

Back 644

Large

Front 645

Some Preganglionic fibers will pass through a _________ to synapse with a more distant one.

Back 645

Ganglia

Front 646

Some preganglionic fibers will ascend, or descend the sympathetic trunk by up to as many as ______ levels.

Back 646

Four

Front 647

(SYSTEMATIC DIVISIONS) The preganglionic fibers pass through the WHITE RAMUS and synapse with a postganglion neuron either in
(1)
(2)
(3)

Back 647

(1) The local paravertebral ganglion
(2) A paravertebral ganglion one to four levels distant
(3) A sympathetic collateral ganglion closer to the effector organ

Front 648

(SYSTEMATIC DIVISIONS) After the preganglionic fibers pass through the white ramis and synapse with a postganglionic fiber. The fibers exit the ______.

Back 648

CNS

Front 649

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The rami appear white because most of their axons are _________.

Back 649

Myelinated

Front 650

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The second neurons in the sympathetic pathway or the ___________ ___________, extend out from the sympathetic ganglia to the visceral effectors through the gray rami and then join a spinal nerve pathway to their end-organ (effector)

Back 650

Postganglionic Fibers

Front 651

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The Postganglionic Fiber extend out of the sympathetic ganglia to the __________ _____ through the GRAY RAMI and then join a spinal nerve pathway to their end-organ. (Effector)

Back 651

Visceral Effectors

Front 652

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The Postganglionic Fiber extends out of the sympathetic ganglia to the visceral effectors through the __________ _________ and then join a spinal nerve pathway to their end-organ. (Effector)

Back 652

GRAY RAMI

Front 653

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The Postganglionic Fiber extends out of the sympathetic ganglia to the visceral effector through the GRAY RAMI and then join a ______ _________ ________ to their end-organ. (Effector)

Back 653

Spinal Nerve Pathway

Front 654

(SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) The Postganglionic Fiber extends out of the sympathetic ganglia to the visceral effectors through the GRAY RAMI and then join a Spinal Nerve Pathway to their end-organ. (____________)

Back 654

Effector

Front 655

The GRAY RAMI appears gray because few of the axons are __________.

Back 655

Myelinated

Front 656

(EXCEPTION TO PREGANGLIONIC PATHWAYS) Certain Preganglionic Fibers pass through the sympathetic ganglia and go directly to the __________ _________, where they synapse within hormone-secreting cells that release epinephrine and nonepinephrine when stimulated.

Back 656

Adrenal Medulla

Front 657

Parasympathetic Division is also called the _________ Division. (A reminder of spatial qualities.)

Back 657

Craniosacral

Front 658

(PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Fibers arise from the _______ _________ and the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Back 658

Medulla Oblangata

Front 659

(PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION) Fibers arise from the Medulla Oblangata and the __________ region of the spinal cord.

Back 659

Sacral

Front 660

Preganglionic fibers of both the sympathetic and the parasympathtic NS secrete acetylchlorine.

Back 660

Autonomic Neurotransmitters

Front 661

Cholinergic Fibers are also known as ____________ ______________.

Back 661

Autonomic Neurotransmitters

Front 662

Autonomic Neurotransmitters are also known as ______________ _____________.

Back 662

Cholinergic Fibers

Front 663

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) Two types of cholinergic receptors
(1) muscarinic => (parasympathetic/sympathetic) (excitatory?) (slow/fast)
(2) nicontinci => (parasymapthetic/sympathetic) (excitatory?) (slow/fast)

Back 663

(1) Parasympathetic
YES
SLOW
(2) Sympathetic
YES
Fast

Front 664

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete _____________ and are called adrenergic.

Back 664

Norepinephrine

Front 665

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secre norepinephrine and are called ___________.

Back 665

Adrenergic

Front 666

Norepinephrine can circulate as a __________, which can combine with adrenergic receptors of effector cells.

Back 666

HORMONE

Front 667

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) Two types of adrenergic receptors: (that produce different responses) are
(1) => in blood vessel walls
(2) => in bronchial smooth muscle

Back 667

(1) Alpha
(2) Beta

Front 668

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) ________ receptors are more strongly influenced by norepinephrine.

Back 668

Alpha

Front 669

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) Alpha receptors are more strongly influenced by _______________.

Back 669

Norepinephrine

Front 670

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) The number of alpha or beta receptors on a cell membrane determines how it will _________.

Back 670

Respond

Front 671

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) Heart rate is speeded up and pupils dilate with ___________ stimulation.

Back 671

Sympathetic

Front 672

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) Heart rate is slowed and pupils constrict with ___________ stimulation.

Back 672

Parasympathetic

Front 673

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) Diameters of blood (this controls blood flow) is controlled solely by the ________________ Nervous System.

Back 673

Sympathetic

Front 674

(AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS) The smooth muscles of the vessel walls is always in a state of partial contraction. This is called __________ tone.

Back 674

Sympathetic

Front 675

Autonomic activity is largely controlled by the _________ and __________.

Back 675

Brain & Spinal Cord

Front 676

(CONTROL OF AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY) Dual innervation => The two systems are somewhat __________.

Back 676

Antagonistic