Chapter 11 - Nervous System

Front 1

What are the 2 main structures of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Back 1

Sensory Division (Carry Toward)

Motor Division (Carry away)

Front 2

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs

Back 2

Motor division

Front 3

Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to the brain

Back 3

Sensory afferent fibers (sensory division)

Front 4

Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

Back 4

Visceral afferent fibers (Sensory Division)

Front 5

Functional organization

Sensory nervous system

Back 5

Somatic and Visceral

Front 6

Functional organization

Motor nervous system

Back 6

Somatic and automatic

Front 7

______________________ motor control is voluntary and_____________________ motor control is involuntary.

Back 7

Somatic motor; automatic motor

Front 8

Sensory input fromconsciously perceived stimuli is called ____________________ sensory, whereas,sensory input that we don’t consciously perceive is called ____________________sensory.

Back 8

Somatic sensory; Visceral Sensory

Front 9

Responds continuously; sensitivity remains the same over time

Back 9

Tonic receptors

Front 10

Detect new stimulus or a change in previously applied stimulus; sensitivity to the stimulus decreases overtime.

Back 10

Phasic Receptors

Front 11

Phagocytic cells of immune system; Replicate if infection present

Back 11

Microglia

Front 12

Processes cover neuron, making myelin sheath;

Back 12

Oligodendrocytes

Front 13

Part of blood-brain barrier

Occupy space of dead neurons

Form structural network

Back 13

Astrocytes

Front 14

Produce/circulate cerebrospinal fluid; ciliated epithelial cells

Back 14

Ependymal cells

Front 15

Glial cells of CNS

Back 15

Astrocytes

Ependymal

Microglia

Oligondendrocytes

Front 16

Glial cells of PNS

Back 16

Satellite cells

Nerolemmocytes

Myelination

Front 17

If a person is suffering from meningitis (an inflammation ofthe coverings around the brain), which type of glial cell usually replicates inresponse to the infection?

Back 17

Microglia

Front 18

The nervous system consists of two anatomic divisions:

Back 18

Central Nervous System (CNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 19

The nervous system serves as the body's primary communication and

Back 19

control system

Front 20

Specialized nervous system structures that monitor changes in both the internal and external environment

Back 20

Receptors

Front 21

What initiates response as motor output via nerve to effectors

Back 21

The brain and spinal cord

Front 22

The nervous system consists of two anatomic divisions:

Back 22

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 23

The CNS includes

Back 23

the brain and the spinal cord

Front 24

The PNS includes

Back 24

nerves and ganglia

Front 25

bundles of neuron processes

Back 25

nerves

Front 26

clusters of neuron cell bodies located along nerves

Back 26

ganglia

Front 27

What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system (both have CNS and PNS components)

Back 27

sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system

Front 28

Which nervous system is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmit this information to the CNS

Back 28

the sensory nervous system (afferent)

Front 29

two components of the sensory nervous system are

Back 29

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

Front 30

...detects stimuli that we consciously perceive (ears,eyes, nose, tongue, skin and proprioceptors)

Back 30

somatic sensory

Front 31

...detects stimuli that we typically do not consciously perceive (blood vessels, organs)

Back 31

visceral sensory

Front 32

Which nervous system is responsible for initiating and transmitting motor output from the CNS to effectors. (Efferent)

Back 32

the motor nervous system

Front 33

two components of the motor nervous system are

Back 33

the somatic motor and autonomic motor

Front 34

component that initiates and transmits motor output from CNS to voluntary skeletons muscles.

Back 34

somatic motor

Front 35

component that innervates and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, without our conscious control

Back 35

autonomic motor

Front 36

the autonomic motor component is divided into two subdivisions

Back 36

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 37

the basic structural unit of the nervous system

Back 37

neuron

Front 38

A cell body of a neuron is gray because

Back 38

of lack of myelin

Front 39

The cell body of a neuron is also called the

Back 39

soma

Front 40

The cell body of a neuron is enclosed by a

Back 40

plasma membrane and contains cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus

Front 41

...are relatively short, small processes that branch off the cell body

Back 41

dendrites

Front 42

...conduct electrical signals toward the cell body, also receiving input and transferring it to the cell body for processing

Back 42

dendrites

Front 43

the greater number of dendrites, the more

Back 43

input a cell can receive

Front 44

...is a long process extending from the cell body to make contact with other neurons, muscle, cells, or gland cells

Back 44

axon

Front 45

An axon is sometimes called a

Back 45

nerve fiber

Front 46

What are the two kinds of nerves in the PNS

Back 46

spinal and cranial nerves

Front 47

The PNS is the part of the nervous system that is

Back 47

outside the CNS

Front 48

The PNS sensory is also called the

Back 48

afferent division

Front 49

The PNS motor is also called the

Back 49

efferent division

Front 50

nonexcitable cells that primarily support and protect neurons, far outnumber neurons

Back 50

glial cells

Front 51

Axons of neurons have synaptic knobs that contain

Back 51

numerous synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter

Front 52

In axons, movement of materials from cell body to synaptic knobs

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Anterograde transport

Front 53

In axons, movement of materials from synaptic knobs to cell body

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Retrograde transport

Front 54

Fast axonal transport occurs

Back 54

at about 400mm per day moving along microtubules transporting vesicles, organelles, and glycoproteins

Front 55

Slow axonal transport occurs

Back 55

at about .1 to 3mm per day only moving from cell body toward knob transporting enzymes, cytoskeleton components, new axoplasm

Front 56

The most common type of neuron containing many dendrites and a sing axon

Back 56

multipolar neuron

Front 57

have two processes extending from the axon's cell body containing one axon and one dendrite (in eye retina)

Back 57

bipolar neuron

Front 58

have single short neuron process

Back 58

unipolar neuron

Front 59

have dendrites and no axons, producing local electrical changes but no action potentials

Back 59

anaxonic neurons

Front 60

Cell bodies outside the CNS

Back 60

sensory neurons

Front 61

generally multipolar

Back 61

interneurons

Front 62

encloses the entire nerve

Back 62

epineurium

Front 63

wraps bundles of axons, fascicles

Back 63

perineurium

Front 64

What is the mode of transmission in a chemical synapse?

Back 64

Molecules stored in synaptic vesicles are released from the synaptic knob of a presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. Some neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Front 65

Most abundant glial cell in CNS

Back 65

astrocytes

Front 66

If a person suffers from meningitis (an inflammation of the coverings around the brain), which type of glial cell usually replicates in response to the infection?

Back 66

Microglia

Front 67

Which specific type of glial cell ensheathes axons in the PNS?

Back 67

Neurolemmocytes (Schwann Cells)

Front 68

repeating layers of glial cell plasma membrane

Back 68

myelin

Front 69

The gaps between the neurolemmocytes are called

Back 69

neurofibril nodes or nodes of ranvier

Front 70

where are unmyelinated axons found?

Back 70

in the CNS

Front 71

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Back 71

The myelin sheath provides a protective insulating covering around the axon. It prevents the passage of ions through the axonal membrane and allows for faster action potential propagation.

Front 72

what is Multiple Sclerosis

Back 72

progressive demyelination of neurons in CNS

Front 73

require energy to work

Back 73

Pumps

Front 74

move substances down the concentration gradient

Back 74

Channels

Front 75

these channels are normally closed and allow a specific ion to diffuse when open

Back 75

chemically gated channel

Front 76

these channels are always open, leaking for continuous diffusion of ions (sodium potassium)

Back 76

leak channels

Front 77

these channels are normally closed and open in response to changes in electrical charges across the membrane

Back 77

voltage channels

Front 78

Three states of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Back 78

Resting

Front 79

How many gates do voltage gated channels have

Back 79

two (activation gate and inactivation gate)

Front 80

Resting state of voltage gated Na+ channels

Back 80

inactivation gate open

Front 81

Activation state of voltage gated Na+ channels

Back 81

inactivation gate open

Front 82

Inactivation state of voltage gated Na+ channels

Back 82

activation gate open

Front 83

Resting state reestablished of voltage gated Na+ channels

Back 83

inactivation gate open

Front 84

What is the difference between a chemically gated channel and a voltage-gated channel in terms of how they function?

Back 84

Chemically gated channels open in response to binding of a neurotransmitter.

Front 85

Electrical gradient is measured in

Back 85

VOLTS and millivolts

Front 86

What is an electrical gradient?

Back 86

An electrical gradient is a difference in electrical charge between two areas.

Front 87

What is a chemical gradient?

Back 87

A chemical gradient is an unequal distribution of a substance between two areas.

Front 88

measure of the amount of difference in electrical charge

Back 88

voltage

Front 89

movement of charged particles

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current

Front 90

opposition to movement of charged particles

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resistance

Front 91

current is measured in

Back 91

amps or milliamps

Front 92

substance with high electrical resistance

Back 92

insulator

Front 93

substance with low electrical resistance

Back 93

conductor

Front 94

resting potential is

Back 94

excitable and negative value (-70 mV) and has more positive ions outside the neuron

Front 95

The resting membrane potential is primarily established by what two structures embedded in the plasma membrane?

Back 95

Sodium ion and potassium ion leak channels

Front 96

The role of Na+/K+ Pumps

Back 96

maintaining gradients of K+ and Na+

Front 97

Changes in membrane potential are signals used to

Back 97

receive, integrate and send information

Front 98

Graded potentials are

Back 98

Incoming short-distance signals

Front 99

Action potentials are

Back 99

Long-distance signals of axons

Front 100

Increases the probability of producing a nerve impulse Inside of the membrane becomes less negative than the resting potential

Back 100

depolarization

Front 101

An increase in membrane potential (away from zero)RedInside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potentialuces the probability of producing a nerve impulse

Back 101

Hyperpolarization

Front 102

Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential

Back 102

graded potentials

Front 103

Does not decrease in magnitude over distance

Back 103

action potential

Front 104

How are neurons arranged in a converging circuit?

Back 104

Inputs converge (come together) at a single postsynaptic neuron.

Front 105

Complex patterns of grouped interneurons

Back 105

neuron pools

Front 106

four types of circuits

Back 106

converging, diverging, reverberating, parallel-after-discharge