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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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strict preference
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na
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pay-off matrix
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A representation for (two player) games, with a row player and a column player: the rows represent strategies for the row player, columns represent stratiegies for the column player, and cells in the matrix represent outcomes.
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dominant strategies
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A strategy is dominant if there is no other action that yields a more preferred outcome.
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best response
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An action for me is a best response to an action of yours if there is no other action for me that would result in a more preferred outcome for me.
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nash equilibrium
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A fundamental solution concept in game theory: a collection of strategies forms a Nash equilibrium if every strategy in the set is a best response to the other strategies - no agent has any incentive to deviate from a Nash equilibrium.
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pure strategy nash equilibrium
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A Nash equilibrium in which the probabilities associated with playing strategies are either 0 or 1.
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mixed strategy
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In game theory, a mised strategy is a strategy that randomizes over possible choices.
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total search problem
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A search problem in which we know there is a solution (e.g., computing a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium in a finite game: by Nash's theorem, such a Nash equilibrium will exist) - PPAD is a complexity class associated with such search problems.
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strictly competitive
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A scenario is strictly competitive if the better outcomes for one participant are worse for another, and vice versa.
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zero sum
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A game is zero sum if for every outcome, the sum of utilities from that outcome comes to 0: if we are playing a zero sum game, then the best outcome for me is the worst outcome for you, and for me to get a positive utility, you must get negative utility, and vice versa.
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prisoner's dilemma
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A fundamental 2x2 game, in which mutual defection is the rational course of action, despite the fact that mutual cooperation would lead to an outcome that would be preferred by both players.
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tragedy of the commons
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The problem that a shared free resource will probably be overexploited, despite the fact that it is in everybody's interest not to overexploit it.
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iterated prisoner's dilemma
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A game in which players play the prisoner's dilemma a number of times.
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axelrod's tournament
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A tournament organized by political scientist Robert Axelrod in the early 1980's, to investigate the performance of strategies in the iterated prisoner's dilemma: the winner of Axelrod's tournament was ***-FOR-TAT ( which dos not mean ***-FOR-TAT is optimal strategy in the prisoner's dilemma).
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***-for-tat
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The winning strategy in Axelrod's prisonner's dilemma tournaments: cooperate on the first round, and then on subsequent rounds do what the other player did on the preceding round.
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backward induction
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The process of determining how best to act in a game by starting at the last state, assuming we are in that state, determining the best action for it, and then filtering this information to the previous state, and so on.
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program equilibria
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The idea that certain outcomes can be reached in games like the prisoner's dilemma if they are allowed to include program strategies that are conditioned on the programs submitted by others (e.g., 'if this program is the same as mine then cooperate otherwise defect').
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mediator
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In program equilibria, the central component interpreting the program strategies submitted by players.
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stag hunt
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A particular type of 2x2 game.
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game of chicken
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A particular type of 2x2 game with two Nash equilibria, (C, D) and (D, C).
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general game playing
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The idea of being able to play arbitrary games after downloading and interpreting their rules.
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social reasoning
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na
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