Chapter 11: Intelligence

Front 1

Intelligence Test

Back 1

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Front 2

Mental Age

Back 2

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

Front 3

Stanford-Binet

Back 3

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford) of Binet's original intelligence test

Front 4

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Back 4

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/caX100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Front 5

Operant Learning

Back 5

Skinner believed that we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement

Front 6

Linguistic Determinism

Back 6

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines what we think; "Language itself shapes a (person)'s basic ideas"

Front 7

Procedural Memory

Back 7

"Language itself shapes a (person)'s basic ideas"; thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought

Front 8

Intelligence

Back 8

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Front 9

Factor Analysis

Back 9

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score

Front 10

General Intelligence (g)

Back 10

a general intelligence factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test; debated; defined differently in different cultures

Front 11

Savant Syndrome

Back 11

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing; score low on intelligence tests; many have autism; 4 in 5 are male

Front 12

Gardner's Eight Intelligences

Back 12

verbal, mathematical, musical, spacial, kinetic, intrinsic, extrinsic, disagreed upon by some psychologists

Front 13

Robert Strenberg's Intelligences

Back 13

Analytical, creative, practical

Front 14

Emotional Intelligence

Back 14

the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

Front 15

Creativity

Back 15

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas; not measured on intelligence tests

Front 16

Eugenics

Back 16

a 19th century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage to discourage people from reproducing

Front 17

Aptitude Test

Back 17

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn; aptitude test results are influenced by achievement test results and vis versa

Front 18

Achievement Test

Back 18

a test designed to assess what a person has learned; aptitude test results are influenced by achievement test results and vis versa

Front 19

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Back 19

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests; differences in verbal and performance scores indicate a learning disability; 11 subtests

Front 20

Standardization

Back 20

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"

Front 21

Normal Curve

Back 21

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Front 22

Reliability

Back 22

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by he consistency of sores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Front 23

Validity

Back 23

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Front 24

Content Validity

Back 24

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)

Front 25

Criterion

Back 25

the behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity)

Front 26

Predictive Validity

Back 26

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and he criterion behavior (also called criterion-realated validity)

Front 27

Mental Retardation

Back 27

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Front 28

Mild Mental Retardation

Back 28

Intelligence Test Score: 50-70
85% of people with mental retardation
learn academic skills to the 6th grade and live on their own with a job

Front 29

Moderate Mental Retardation

Back 29

Intelligence Test Score: 35-49
10% of people with mental retardation
learn academic skills to the 2nd grade and maybe get a job

Front 30

Creativity

Back 30

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas; not measured on intelligence tests

Front 31

Eugenics

Back 31

a 19th century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage to discourage people from reproducing

Front 32

Aptitude Test

Back 32

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn; aptitude test results are influenced by achievement test results and vis versa

Front 33

Achievement Test

Back 33

a test designed to assess what a person has learned; aptitude test results are influenced by achievement test results and vis versa

Front 34

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Back 34

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests; differences in verbal and performance scores indicate a learning disability; 11 subtests

Front 35

Standardization

Back 35

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"

Front 36

Normal Curve

Back 36

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Front 37

Reliability

Back 37

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by he consistency of sores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Front 38

Validity

Back 38

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Front 39

Content Validity

Back 39

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)

Front 40

Criterion

Back 40

the behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity)

Front 41

Predictive Validity

Back 41

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and he criterion behavior (also called criterion-realated validity)

Front 42

Mental Retardation

Back 42

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Front 43

Mild Mental Retardation

Back 43

Intelligence Test Score: 50-70
85% of people with mental retardation
learn academic skills to the 6th grade and live on their own with a job

Front 44

Moderate Mental Retardation

Back 44

Intelligence Test Score: 35-49
10% of people with mental retardation
learn academic skills to the 2nd grade and maybe get a job

Front 45

Severe Mental Retardation

Back 45

Intelligence Test Score: 20-34
3-4% of people with mental retardation
may learn to talk and perform simple tasks under close supervision, usually unable to profit from vocational training

Front 46

Profound Mental Retardation

Back 46

Intelligence Test Score: below 2o
1-2% of people with mental retardation
require constant aid and supervision

Front 47

Down Syndrome

Back 47

a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup

Front 48

Stereotype Threat

Back 48

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype