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89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) has two functional subdivisions, the __________ and the __________.

Sensory (or afferent) and motor (or efferent).

Afferent means

carrying toward

efferent means

carrying away

The afferent division conveys impulses _________ the CNS, and the efferent division conveys impulses _________ the CNS.

To, away from.

The sensory (afferent) division consists of nerve fibers (axons) that convey impulses ________ the CNS _______ sensory receptors located throughout the body.

To, from.

Somatic sensory fibers convey impulses from the ______, ____________, and _________.

Skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

Visceral sensory fibers transmit impulses from the _____________.

Visceral organs (organs within the ventral body cavity)

The somatic nervous system is composed of somatic _____________ that conduct impulses ________ the CNS _________ skeletal muscles.

motor nerve fibers, from, to.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of ________, _________, and _________.

smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

The ANS is also called the ________________.

Involuntary nervous system.

The 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system are:

1. Sensory input


2. Integration


3. Motor output

The 2 functional subdivisions of the ANS are:

1. Sympathetic division


2. Parasympathetic division

The ______________ and the ______________ typically work in opposition to each other. Whatever one stimulates, the other inhibits.

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division.

Nervous tissue is made up of just two principal types of cells:

1. Neuroglia (supporting cells)


2. Neurons (excitable nerve cells)

The ____________ are small cells that surround and wrap the more delicate neurons.

Neuroglia

______________ are excitable (responsive to stimuli) and transmit electrical signals.

Neurons

The four types of neuroglia of the CNS are:

1. Astrocytes


2. Mircoglial cells


3. Ependymal cells


4. Oligodendrocytes

Neuroglial cells can be distinguished by their __________ size and ___________ nuclei.

Smaller, darker-staining.

Neuroglia outnumber neurons ___ to ___, and make up about _____ of the brain.

10 to 1, half.

Astrocytes are the most ___________ and __________ glial cells.

Abundant and versatile

Astrocytes __________ and __________ the neurons and anchor them to their nutrient supply lines.

support and brace

Astrocytes play a role in making exchanges between ___________ and __________.

capillaries and neurons

Astrocytes guide the __________ of young neurons and formations of __________ between neurons.

migration, synapses

Astrocytes control the ___________ environment around neurons.

chemical

Astrocytes are connected by _____________

gap junctions

Astrocytes signal each other by taking in _____________, creating slow-paced intracellular _________ pulses, and by releasing extracellular ________________.

calcium, calcium pulses, chemical messengers.

MIcroglial cells are ________ and __________ with relatively long __________ processes.

small, ovoid, thorny

Microglial cells monitor neurons' __________.

Health

"ependymal" means

"wrapping garment"

Ependymal cells range in shape from _______ to _______, and many are ________.

squamous to columnar, ciliated.

Ependymial cells line the ______________ of the brain and the spinal cord, wher ethey form a fairly ___________ barrier between the ___________ fluid that fills those cavities and the tissue fluid bathing the cells of the ___________.

central cavities, permeable, cerebrospinal, CNS.

The beating of ependymal cells' _______ helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord.

cilia

Oligodendrocytes have ________ processes than astrocytes.

fewer

Oligodendrocytes line up along the thicker ________________ in the CNS and wrap their processes tightly around the fibers, producing an ____________ covering called a ______________-.

nerve fibers, insulating, myelin sheath

The two kinds of PNS neuroglia are called:

1. satellite cells


2. Schwann cells

Satellite and Schwann cells differ mainly in:

location

Satellite cells surround ____________________ located in the peripheral nervous system

neuron cell bodies

Satellite cells are thought to have many of the same functions in the PNS as _____________ do in the CNS.

astrocytes

Schwann cells are also called:

neurolemmocytes

Schwann cells surround all ___________ in the PNS and form ______________ around the ___________ nerve fibers.

nerve fibers, myelin sheath, thicker.

Schwann cells are vital to regeneration of damaged ___________ nerve fibers.

Peripheral

Neurons are also called

nerve cells

Neurons are the:

structural units of the nervous system

Neurons have ___________ longevity. Given good nutrition, they can function optimally for over _________ years.

extreme, 100

AS neurons assume their roles as communicating links of the nervous system, they lose their ability to __________. In other words, they are __________.

divide, amitotic

Neurons have an exceptionally high _____________ and require continuous and abundant supplies of ___________ and ___________.

metabolic rate, oxygen and glucose

The ________________ consists of a spherical nucleus with a conspicuous nucleolus surrounded by __________.

neuron cell body, cytoplasm

The neuron cell body is also called the _____________ or _____________.

Perikaryon, soma

The cell body is the major __________ center of a neuron.

biosynthetic

The neuron cell body's ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is also called the ___________.

chromatophilic substance

_____________ and ___________, which are bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments), are important in maintaining cell shape and integrity.

Microtubules and neurofibrils

IN most neurons, the plasma membrane of the cell body also acts as part of the _____________ that receives information from other neurons.

receptive region

Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS are called ________, whereas those that lie along the nerves in the PNS are called ________.

nuclei, ganglia

ARmlike __________ extend from the cell body of all neurons.

processes

Bundles of neuron processes are called __________ in the CNS and __________ in the PNS.

tracts, nerves

Virtually all _________ present in the cell body also occur in dendrites.

organelles

Dendrites are the main _____________ or __________ regions.

receptive or input

Dendrites bristle with _______________ - thorny appendages having bulbous or spiky ends.

dendritic spines

The initial region of the axon arises from a cone-shaped area of the cell body called the ________________.

axon hillock

Any long axon is called a:

nerve fiber

Axon branches are called:

axon collaterals

The knoblike distal endings of the terminal branches of the axons are called : ___________ or ___________

axon terminals or terminal boutons

The axon is the ___________ region of the neuron

conducting

The axon's plasma membrane is also called:

axolemma

The axon terminals are the ___________ region of the neuron

secretory

an axon contains the same organelles found in the dendrites and cell body with towo important exceptions: _____________ and ______________

Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Movement away from the cell body is ______________ movement and that in the oppostite direction is __________ movement.

anterograde and retrograde

Many nerve fibers, particularly those that are long or larege in diameter, are covered with a whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), segmented ___________.

Myelin sheath

_______________ protects and electrically insulates fibers, and it increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses.

Myelin

_____________ conduct nerve impulses rapidly, whereas ______________ conduct impulses more slowly.

Myelinated fibers, nonmyelinated

Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by _______ cells.

Schwann

A characteristic that makes myelin sheaths exceptinally good alectrical insulaterors are their lack of _______ and _______ proteins.

channel and carrier

The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called _____________ gaps or ____ of ______.

Myelin sheath gaps, or nodes of Ranvier

In the CNS, _____________ form myelin sheaths.

Oligodendrocytes

Unlike a Schwann cell, which forms only one segment of a myelin sheath, an oligodendrocyte has multiple flat ___________ that can coil around as many as ___________ axons at the same time.

Processes, 60

Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers are referred to as _____________ and are primarily fiber tracts.

White matter

_____________ contains mostly nerve cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers.

Grey matter

There are three major neuron groups classified by the number of processes extending from their cell body:

1. Multipolar


2. Bipolar


3. unipolar

multipolar neurons have _____________ processes - one axon and the rest dendrites.

three or more

__________ neurons are the most common type in humans, with more than 99% of neurons belonging to this class.

Multipolar

Bipolar neurons have two processes: an _________ and a _________.

Axon and dendrite

Bipolar neurons are found in some of the special sense organs. Examples include some neurons in the _______________ and in the ___________.

Retina of the eye and in the olfactory mucosa.

The most distal process in unipolar neurons - the ___________ process - is often associated with a ___________ receptor.

peripheral, sensory

The ____________ of a unipolar neurons enters the CNS.

central

Unipolar neurons are more accurately called _____________ neurons because they originate as bipolar neurons.

pseudounipolar

In place of "dendrites," unipolar neurons have __________ endings at the end of the peripheral process.

receptive

Based on functional classification, there are 3 types of neurons:

1. sensory


2. motor


3. interneurons

_____________, or _____________, lie between motor and sensory neurons in neurlal pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs.

Interneurons or association neurons

_____________ (based on functional classification), make up over 99% of the neurons of the body, including most of those in the CNS.

Interneurons