Chapter 11: Emotion And Motivation

Front 1

emotion

Back 1

mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

Front 2

discrete emotions theory

Back 2

theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology

Front 3

primary emotions

Back 3

small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal

Front 4

display rules

Back 4

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

Front 5

cognitive theories of emotion

Back 5

theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking

Front 6

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 6

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

Front 7

somatic marker theory

Back 7

theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act

Front 8

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 8

theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reaction

Front 9

two-factor theory

Back 9

theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal

Front 10

mere exposure effect

Back 10

phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it

Front 11

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 11

theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

Front 12

nonverbal leakage

Back 12

unconscious spillover of emotions into non-verbal behavior

Front 13

proxemics

Back 13

study of personal space

Front 14

Pinocchio response

Back 14

supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying

Front 15

guilty knowledge test (GKT)

Back 15

alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't

Front 16

integrity test

Back 16

questionnaire that presumably assesses workers' tendency to steal or cheat

Front 17

positive psychology

Back 17

discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths

Front 18

defensive pessimism

Back 18

strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes

Front 19

broaden and build theory

Back 19

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly

Front 20

positivity effect

Back 20

tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age

Front 21

affective forecasting

Back 21

ability to predict our own and other's happiness

Front 22

durability bias

Back 22

belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do

Front 23

hedonic treadmill

Back 23

tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances

Front 24

self-esteem

Back 24

evaluation of our worth

Front 25

motivation

Back 25

psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction

Front 26

drive reduction theory

Back 26

theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states

Front 27

homeostasis

Back 27

equilibrium

Front 28

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 28

inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and mood and performance on the other

Front 29

incentive theories

Back 29

theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals

Front 30

hierarchy of needs

Back 30

model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

Front 31

glucostatic theory

Back 31

theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

Front 32

leptin

Back 32

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

Front 33

set point

Back 33

value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

Front 34

internal-external theory

Back 34

theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues

Front 35

proximity

Back 35

physical nearness, a predictor of attraction

Front 36

similarity

Back 36

extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction

Front 37

reciprocity

Back 37

rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction

Front 38

passionate love

Back 38

love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one's partner

Front 39

companionate love

Back 39

love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner

Front 40

bulimia nervosa

Back 40

eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight

Front 41

anorexia nervosa

Back 41

eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight

Front 42

excitement phase

Back 42

phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it

Front 43

plateau phase

Back 43

phase in sexual response in which sexual tension builds

Front 44

orgasm (climax) phase

Back 44

phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women

Front 45

resolution phase

Back 45

phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being