Chapter 11 - Digestive System - Medical Term

Front 1

Mouth

Back 1

Opening through which food passes into the body; breaks into small particles by mastication (chewing) and mixing with saliva

Front 2

Tongue

Back 2

Consist mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, direct's food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech.

Front 3

Palate

Back 3

Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Front 4

Soft palate

Back 4

Posterior portion, not supported by bone

Front 5

Hard palate

Back 5

Anterior portion, supported by bone

Front 6

Uvula

Back 6

Soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; direct's food into the throat

Front 7

Pharynx,, throat

Back 7

Performs the swallowing action passes food from the mouth into the esophagus

Front 8

Esophagus

Back 8

10 inch (25 cm) to that is the passageway for food extending from the ferry next to the stomach. Peristalsis, involuntary wavelike movements that propels food along the digestive tract, begins in the esophagus.

Front 9

Stomach

Back 9

J– shaped sack that mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication.

Front 10

Cardia

Back 10

Area around the opening of the esophagus

Front 11

Fundus

Back 11

Uppermost domed portion of the stomach

Front 12

Body

Back 12

Central portion of the stomach

Front 13

Antrum

Back 13

Lower portion of the stomach

Front 14

Pylorus

Back 14

Portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

Front 15

Pyloric sphincter

Back 15

Ring of muscle guards the opening between the stomach and duodenum

Front 16

Small intestine

Back 16

20 foot (6 m) canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. Digestion is completed in the small intestine. Absorption, the passage of nutrients (end products of digestion) from the small intestine to the bloodstream, takes place through the villi, fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine.

Front 17

duodenum

Back 17

First 10 to 12 inches (25 cm) of the small intestine

Front 18

Jejunum

Back 18

Second portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) long

Front 19

Ileum

Back 19

Third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet (3.3 m) long, which connects with the large intestine

Front 20

Large intestine

Back 20

Canal that is approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) long and extends from the ileum to the anus. Absorption of water and elimination of solid waste products of digestion takes place in the large intestine.

Front 21

Cecum

Back 21

Blind U – shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

Front 22

Colon

Back 22

next portion of the large intestine. The colon is divided into four parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

Front 23

Rectum

Back 23

Remaining portion of the large intestine, approximately 8 to 10 inches (20 cm) long, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus

Front 24

Anus

Back 24

Sphincter muscle (ringlike band of muscle fiber that keeps an opening tight) at the end of the digestive tract

Front 25

Salivary glands

Back 25

Produce saliva, which flows into the mouth

Front 26

Liver

Back 26

Produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fat. The liver performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism

Front 27

Bile ducts

Back 27

Passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct is a passageway for bile from the liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively these passages are referred to as the biliary tract.

Front 28

Gallbladder

Back 28

Small, sac like structure that stores bile

Front 29

Pancreas

Back 29

Produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin carbohydrate metabolism

Front 30

Peritoneum

Back 30

Serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 31

Abdomen

Back 31

Portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis

Front 32

Appendix

Back 32

Small pouch, which has no known function in digestion, attached to the cecum (also called the vermiform appendix)

Front 33

an/o

Back 33

Anus

Front 34

antr/o

Back 34

Antrum

Front 35

cec/o

Back 35

Cecum

Front 36

col/o, colon/o

Back 36

Colon (Usually denoting the large intestine)

Front 37

duoden/o

Back 37

duodenum

Front 38

esophag/o

Back 38

Esophagus

Front 39

Gastr/o

Back 39

Stomach

Front 40

ile/o

Back 40

Ileum

Front 41

jejun/o

Back 41

jejunum

Front 42

or/o, stomat/o

Back 42

Mouth

Front 43

proct/o, rect/o

Back 43

rectum

Front 44

sigmoid/o

Back 44

Sigmoid colon

Front 45

abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o

Back 45

Abdomen (abdominal cavity)

Front 46

append/o, appendic/o

Back 46

appendix

Front 47

cheil/o

Back 47

lip

Front 48

cholangi/o

Back 48

bile duct

Front 49

chol/e

Back 49

gall, bile

Front 50

choledoch/o

Back 50

common bile duct

Front 51

diverticul/o

Back 51

diverticulum, or blind pouch, extending from a hollow organ

Front 52

gingiv/o

Back 52

gum

Front 53

gloss/o, lingu/o

Back 53

tongue

Front 54

hepat/o

Back 54

liver

Front 55

herni/o

Back 55

Hernia, or protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall

Front 56

palat/o

Back 56

palate

Front 57

Pancreat/o

Back 57

Pancreas

Front 58

peritone/o

Back 58

peritoneum

Front 59

polyp/o

Back 59

polyp, small growth

Front 60

pylor/o

Back 60

Pylorus, pyloric sphincter

Front 61

sial/o

Back 61

Saliva, salivary gland

Front 62

steat/o

Back 62

fat

Front 63

uvul/o

Back 63

Uvula

Front 64

hemi-

Back 64

half

Front 65

-pepsia

Back 65

digestion

Front 66

Appendicitis

Back 66

Inflammation of the appendix

Front 67

cholangioma

Back 67

Tumor of the bile duct

Front 68

Cholecystitis

Back 68

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 69

Choledocholithiasis

Back 69

Condition of stones in the common bile duct

Front 70

Cholelithiasis

Back 70

Condition of gallstones

Front 71

Diverticulitis

Back 71

Inflammation of the diverticulum

Front 72

Diverticulosis

Back 72

Abnormal condition of having diverticula

Front 73

Esophagitis

Back 73

Inflammation of the esophagus

Front 74

Gastritis

Back 74

Inflammation of the stomach

Front 75

Gastroenteritis

Back 75

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

Front 76

gastroenterocolitis

Back 76

Inflammation of the stomach, intestines, and colon

Front 77

Gingivitis

Back 77

Inflammation of the gums

Front 78

Hepatitis

Back 78

Inflammation of the liver

Front 79

Hepatoma

Back 79

Tumor of the liver

Front 80

Palatitis

Back 80

Inflammation of the palate

Front 81

Pancreatitis

Back 81

Inflammation of the pancreas

Front 82

Peritonitis

Back 82

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 83

Polyposis

Back 83

Abnormal condition of (multiple) polyps (in the musous membrane of the intestine, especially in the colon; high potential for malignancy)

Front 84

proctoptosis

Back 84

Prolapse of the rectum

Front 85

Rectocele

Back 85

Protrusion of the rectum

Front 86

Sialolith

Back 86

Stone in the salivary gland

Front 87

Steatohepatitis

Back 87

Inflammation of the liver associated with (excess) fat; (often caused by alcohol and obesity; overtime may cause cirrhosis)

Front 88

Uvulitis

Back 88

Inflammation of the uvula

Front 89

Adhesion

Back 89

Abnormal growing together of two services that are normally separated. This may occur after abdominal surgery; surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy

Front 90

Anorexia nervosa

Back 90

Eating disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea in females, and abnormal fear of becoming obese. It occurs primarily and adolescents and young adults.

Front 91

Bulimia nervosa

Back 91

And eating disorder involving gorging with food, followed by inducing vomiting or laxative abuse (binging and purging)

Front 92

Celiac disease

Back 92

a malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten (protein and wheat, rye, and barley), which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. Celiac disease is considered a multisystem disorder with varying symptoms, including abnormal bloating and pain, chronic diarrhea or constipation, steatorrhea, vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, iron deficiency anemia, pruritic skin rash known as dermatitis herpetiformis (also called gluten enteropathy)

Front 93

Cirrhosis

Back 93

Chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

Front 94

Crohn's disease

Back 94

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction (also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis)

Front 95

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 95

The abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus

Front 96

Hemochromatosis

Back 96

an iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue; can cause congestive heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cancer of the liver

Front 97

Hemorrhoids

Back 97

Swollen or distended vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external, and can be a source of rectal bleeding

Front 98

Ileus

Back 98

Obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis

Front 99

Intussusception

Back 99

Telescoping of a segment of the intestine

Front 100

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Back 100

Periodic disturbances about function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain

Front 101

Obesity

Back 101

Excess of body fat (not body weight)

Front 102

Peptic ulcer

Back 102

Eroded area of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection (H. Pylori), or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (often referred to as gastric or duodenal ulcer, depending on its location)

Front 103

Polyp

Back 103

Tumor like growth extending outward from the mucous membranes; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines

Front 104

Ulcerative colitis

Back 104

Inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers. The main symptom bloody diarrhea. And ileostomy can be performed treat this condition.

Front 105

Volvulus

Back 105

Twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction

Front 106

Abdominocentesis

Back 106

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity (also called paracentesis)

Front 107

Abdominoplasty

Back 107

Surgical repair of the abdomen

Front 108

Anoplasty

Back 108

Surgical repair of the anus

Front 109

Antrectomy

Back 109

Excision of the antrum

Front 110

Appendectomy

Back 110

Excision of the appendix

Front 111

Celiotomy

Back 111

Incision into the abdominal cavity

Front 112

Cheilorrhaphy

Back 112

Suture of the lip

Front 113

Cholecystectomy

Back 113

Excision of the gallbladder

Front 114

Choledocholithotomy

Back 114

Incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone

Front 115

Colectomy

Back 115

Excision of the colon

Front 116

Colostomy

Back 116

Creation of an artificial opening into the colon (through the abdominal wall). (Used for the passage of stool. A colostomy, creates a mouth like opening on the abdominal wall, called a stoma, may be permanent or temporary; performed as treatment bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis.)

Front 117

Diverticulectomy

Back 117

Excision of a diverticulum

Front 118

Enterorrhaphy

Back 118

Suture of the intestine

Front 119

Esophagogastroplasty

Back 119

Surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach

Front 120

Gastrectomy

Back 120

Excision of the stomach (or part of the stomach)

Front 121

Gastrojejunostomy

Back 121

The creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and the jejunum

Front 122

Gastroplasty

Back 122

Surgical repair of the stomach

Front 123

Gastrostomy

Back 123

Creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (through you don't want). (a tube is inserted through the opening for administration of food when swallowing isn't possible.)

Front 124

Gingivectomy

Back 124

Surgical removal of the gum (tissue)

Front 125

glossorrhaphy

Back 125

Suture of the tongue

Front 126

Hemicolectomy

Back 126

Excision of half of the colon

Front 127

Herniorrhaphy

Back 127

Suture of a hernia (for repair)

Front 128

Ileostomy

Back 128

Creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall creating a stoma, a mouth like opening on the abdominal wall). (Used the passage of stool. It is performed following a total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or cancer.)

Front 129

Laparotomy

Back 129

Incision into the abdominal cavity

Front 130

Palatoplasty

Back 130

Surgical repair of the palate

Front 131

Polypectomy

Back 131

Excision of a polyp

Front 132

Pyloromyotomy

Back 132

Incision into the pyloric muscle

Front 133

Pyloroplasty

Back 133

Surgical repair of the pylorus

Front 134

Uvulectomy

Back 134

Excision of the uvula

Front 135

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)

Back 135

Surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea)

Front 136

Abdominal resection (A & P resection)

Back 136

Removal of the distal colon and rectum through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat colorectal cancer and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine. The patient will have a colostomy.

Front 137

anastomosis

Back 137

An opening created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments

Front 138

Bariatric surgery

Back 138

Surgical reduction of the gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity causing serious illness

Front 139

Hemorrhoidectomy

Back 139

Excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the rectal region

Front 140

Vagotomy

Back 140

Cutting of certain branches of the Vegas nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

Front 141

Cholangiogram

Back 141

Radiographic images of the bile ducts

Front 142

Cholangiography

Back 142

Radiographic imaging of the bile ducts (after administration of contrast media to outline the ducts)

Front 143

CT colonography

Back 143

Radiographic imaging of the colon (using a CT scanner and software)

Front 144

Esophagogram

Back 144

Radiographic image of the esophagus. (Barium is used as contrast media; also called esophagram or barium swallow)

Front 145

Colonoscope

Back 145

Instrument used for visual examination of the colon

Front 146

Colonoscopy

Back 146

Visual examination of the colon

Front 147

Endoscope

Back 147

Instrument used for visual examination within a hollow organ

Front 148

Endoscopy

Back 148

Visual examination within a hollow organ

Front 149

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Back 149

Visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

Front 150

Esophagoscopy

Back 150

Visual examination of the esophagus

Front 151

Gastroscope

Back 151

Instrument used for visual examination of the stomach

Front 152

Gastroscopy

Back 152

Visual examination of the stomach

Front 153

Laparoscope

Back 153

Instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity. (Also used to perform laparoscopic surgery, a method that sometimes replaces laparotomy, open abdominal incision surgery.)

Front 154

Laparoscopy

Back 154

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity

Front 155

Proctoscope

Back 155

Instrument used for visual examination of the rectum

Front 156

Proctoscopy

Back 156

Visual examination of the rectum

Front 157

Sigmoidoscopy

Back 157

Visual examination of the sigmoid colon

Front 158

Abdominal ultrasonography

Back 158

Process of recording images of internal organs using high-frequency sound waves produced by a transducer placed directly on the skin covering abdominal cavity. Images may be viewed on monitor and/or recorded for later use. The size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and the pancreas to be visualized. Liver cysts, abscesses, tumors, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and pancreatic tumors may be detected. May also be used to evaluate the kidneys and portions of the aorta extending through the abdominal cavity.

Front 159

Barium enema (BE)

Back 159

Series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (also called lower G.I. series)

Front 160

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Back 160

Radiographic examination of the biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts with contrast media, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy; used to evaluate and diagnose obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer.

Front 161

Upper G.I. (gastrointestinal) series

Back 161

Series of radiographic images taken of the stomach and duodenum after the contrast agent barium been swallowed

Front 162

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

Back 162

Procedure using an endoscope with an ultrasound probe that provides images of layers of the intestinal wall; used to detect tumors and cystic growth for staging of malignant tumors.

Front 163

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

Back 163

a test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer of polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing (also called guaiac test).

Front 164

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test

Back 164

The test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. Bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers. Tests for H. pylori are also performed on biopsy specimens and by breath test.

Front 165

Abdominal

Back 165

Pertaining to the abdomen

Front 166

Anal

Back 166

Pertaining to the anus

Front 167

Aphagia

Back 167

Without swallowing (the inability to)

Front 168

Celiac

Back 168

Pertaining to the abdomen

Front 169

Colorectal

Back 169

Pertaining to the colon and rectum

Front 170

duodenal

Back 170

Pertaining to the duodenum

Front 171

Dyspepsia

Back 171

Difficult digestion (often used to describe G.I. symptoms, such as abdominal pain and bloating)

Front 172

Dysphagia

Back 172

Difficulty swallowing

Front 173

Enteropathy

Back 173

Disease of the intestine

Front 174

Esophageal

Back 174

Pertaining to the esophagus

Front 175

Gastric

Back 175

Pertaining to stomach

Front 176

Gastroenterologist

Back 176

A physician who studies and treat diseases of stomach and intestines (G.I. tract and accessory organs)

Front 177

Gastroenterology

Back 177

Study the stomach and intestines (of branch medicine deals with the treating diseases of the G.I. tract and accessory organs)

Front 178

Gastromalacia

Back 178

softening of the stomach

Front 179

Glossopathy

Back 179

Disease of the tongue

Front 180

Ileocecal

Back 180

Pertaining to the ileum and cecum

Front 181

Nasogastric

Back 181

Pertaining to the nose and stomach

Front 182

Oral

Back 182

Pertaining to the mouth

Front 183

Pancreatic

Back 183

Pertaining to the pancreas

Front 184

Peritoneal

Back 184

Pertaining to the peritoneum

Front 185

Proctologist

Back 185

Physician who studies and treats diseases of the rectum

Front 186

Proctology

Back 186

Study of the rectum (a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the rectum and anus)

Front 187

Rectal

Back 187

Pertaining to the rectum

Front 188

Steatorrhea

Back 188

Discharge of fat (excessive amount of fat in the stool, causing frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter usually associated with Malabsorption of fat in conditions such as chronic pancreatitis or celiac disease)

Front 189

Steatosis

Back 189

Abdominal condition of fat (increasing fat the cellular level often affecting the liver)

Front 190

Stomatitis

Back 190

Inflammation of the mouth (mucous membrane)

Front 191

Stomatogastric

Back 191

Pertaining to the mouth and stomach

Front 192

Sublingual

Back 192

Pertaining to under the tongue

Front 193

ascites

Back 193

Abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Front 194

Diarrhea

Back 194

Frequent discharge of liquid stool

Front 195

Dysentery

Back 195

Disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine (usually the large intestine) associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain

Front 196

emesis

Back 196

Expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (also called vomiting)

Front 197

Feces

Back 197

Waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum (also called stool or fecal matter)

Front 198

Flatus

Back 198

Gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus

Front 199

Gastric lavage

Back 199

Washing out of the stomach

Front 200

gavage

Back 200

Process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube

Front 201

Hematemesis

Back 201

Vomiting blood

Front 202

Hematochezia

Back 202

Passage of bloody feces

Front 203

Malabsorption

Back 203

Impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients

Front 204

Melena

Back 204

Black, tarry stool that contains digestive blood; usually as a result bleeding in the upper G.I. tract

Front 205

Nausea

Back 205

Urge to vomit

Front 206

Peristalsis

Back 206

Involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract

Front 207

Reflux

Back 207

Abnormal backward flow. In esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus.

Front 208

Stoma

Back 208

Surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by a colostomy, ileostomy, or similar operation. Stoma may also referred to an opening created between body structures or between portions of the intestines.

Front 209

Vomiting

Back 209

Expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (Also called emesis)

Front 210

A & P resection

Back 210

Abdominoperineal resection

Front 211

BE

Back 211

Barium enema

Front 212

EGD

Back 212

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Front 213

ERCP

Back 213

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Front 214

EUS

Back 214

Endoscopic ultrasound

Front 215

FOBT

Back 215

Fecal occult blood test

Front 216

GERD

Back 216

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 217

G.I.

Back 217

Gastrointestinal

Front 218

H. pylori

Back 218

Helicobacter pylori

Front 219

IBS

Back 219

Irritable bowel syndrome

Front 220

N & V

Back 220

Nausea and vomiting

Front 221

PEG

Back 221

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

Front 222

UGI

Back 222

Upper gastrointestinal

Front 223

UPPP

Back 223

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty