Chapter 11, 12, 13, 14

Front 1

One simple strategy for promoting weight loss without serious risk may involve

Back 1

wasting energy by fidgeting

Front 2

____ is a key dietary factor for inducing obesity

Back 2

High-fuctose corn syrup

Front 3

Which of the following is used by the text author to explain why people exhibitdifferences in metabolic efficiency?

Back 3

Metabolic efficiency is advantageous for surviving a famine

Front 4

In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal?

Back 4

Reduced leptin levels remove and inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons

Front 5

Which of the following is true of leptin

Back 5

Obese humans have high plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection

Front 6

In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal?

Back 6

Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons

Front 7

A genetic cause of obesity may be related to a variation in

Back 7

the MC4 receptor

Front 8

In a five-year follow-up of persons who lost weight in a fifteen-week behavioral program, some ______ percent were able to maintain their weight loss

Back 8

3

Front 9

The most effective form of bariatric surgical procedures for obesity involves

Back 9

a gastric bypass in which the jejunum is connected to a small stomach pouch

Front 10

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure produces weight loss by

Back 10

decreasing plasma ghrelin levels

Front 11

A serious difficulty with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure is

Back 11

the risk of death after the procedure

Front 12

Drugs such as fenfluramine that were used to treat obesity exerted and inhibition of appetite by

Back 12

acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain

Front 13

an important determinant of body weight in adult humans is the

Back 13

amount of physical exercise a person gets each day

Front 14

Which of the following would be expected to be useful for the treatment of obesity

Back 14

a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors

Front 15

The distinction between bulimia and anorexia nervosa is that

Back 15

anorexia nervosa involves weight loss, while bulimia involves binging

Front 16

a Key aspect of anorexia nervosa is

Back 16

an intense fear of obesity

Front 17

The obsession with food noted in anorexia may be related to

Back 17

elevated levels of CCK in the brain

Front 18

Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa

Back 18

the treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years

Front 19

the serotonin fluoxetine may be useful for the treatment of the eating disorder known as

Back 19

bulimia

Front 20

In addition to partial paralysis after a stroke, Mr. V. showed a loss of

Back 20

understanding of the long-term implications of his stroke

Front 21

the text author asserts that _____ have key consequences for survival and reproduction

Back 21

emotional behviors

Front 22

the major components of an emotional response include

Back 22

behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions

Front 23

Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion

Back 23

formation of glucose within the muscles

Front 24

Damage to the _____ would be expected to disrupt the integration of fear

Back 24

amygdala

Front 25

Neurons within the amygdala are activated by

Back 25

detection of emotionally relevant stimuli

Front 26

activation of the ____ nucleus of the amygdala elicits an emotional response

Back 26

central

Front 27

Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?

Back 27

the central nucleus of the amygdala

Front 28

Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate in the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit

Back 28

behavioral signs of fear

Front 29

Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in

Back 29

reduced blood levels of stress hormones

Front 30

exposure to ______ will automatically produce a fear reaction in most species

Back 30

loud unexpected noises

Front 31

An intact ____ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure

Back 31

lateral hypothalamus

Front 32

the expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the

Back 32

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Front 33

a formal definition of aggressive behaviors

Back 33

includes those behaviors involved in predation

Front 34

Which of the following is true of threat behaviors

Back 34

Threat behaviors resolve conflicts without hurting the involved organisms

Front 35

Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information?

Back 35

Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive 10 yrs from now

Front 36

Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation

Back 36

moral judgments

Front 37

a general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to

Back 37

dampen or inhibit emotional reactions

Front 38

______ is an example of a personal moral dilemma

Back 38

throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group

Front 39

The combination of inadequate activation of the _____ and enhanced activation of the _____ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons.

Back 39

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Front 40

Impulsive aggression may reflect ____, which can be treated with _______.

Back 40

impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine

Front 41

aggressive behavior is most strongly related to

Back 41

reproduction

Front 42

prenatal exposure to androgens

Back 42

increases aggressive behavior in all studied species

Front 43

studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only

Back 43

in dominant male moneys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high

Front 44

a person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage for a career as a

Back 44

detective

Front 45

Alzheimer's disease patients who show degeneration of the ____ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kope earthquake in 1995.

Back 45

amygdala

Front 46

the autonomic component of an emotional response functions to

Back 46

mobilize energy for vigorous movement

Front 47

the proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that

Back 47

the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures

Front 48

the ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the

Back 48

right hemisphere

Front 49

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity to the

Back 49

right frontal cortex

Front 50

The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ____ communicated via ______

Back 50

fear; facial expression

Front 51

Pure word defense is produced by damage to the _______ cortex

Back 51

left temporal

Front 52

The observation that a person with _____ cannot understand speech but can infer emotion from _____ suggest that word recognition and emotional vocal recognition are independent functions.

Back 52

pure word deafness; tone of voice

Front 53

Which of the following is true of the role of the amygdala for the recognition of emotion?

Back 53

Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use facial expressions for emotion recognition

Front 54

Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person made blind by cortical damage ________

Back 54

can recognize facial emotional expressions

Front 55

damage to the amygdala can impair recognition of _______ but not _______.

Back 55

facial emotion expression; recognition of emotion using tone of voice

Front 56

Rapid recognition of facial emotional expression is mediated by signals carried by the ______ system

Back 56

magnocellular

Front 57

The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the

Back 57

insular cortex

Front 58

People with volitional facial paresis are unable to

Back 58

voluntarily move the facial muscles

Front 59

which disorder would greatly impair the capacity of a person to succeed in acting?

Back 59

volitional facial paresis

Front 60

with regard to facial emotional expression

Back 60

negative emotions are more strongly expressed on the left side of the face

Front 61

the muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the

Back 61

anterior cingulate cortex

Front 62

a chimeric face

Back 62

is created by pasting different facial images to form a single unit

Front 63

the unique aspect of Patient S.P. is that after removal of her right amygdala, she

Back 63

was unable to recognize her own facial emotional expressions

Front 64

according to the James-Lange theory, feelings of emotions are

Back 64

produced by feedback from behaviors and physiological responses

Front 65

which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 65

laugh and you will be happy

Front 66

according to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following is most important for the subjective experience of an emotion?

Back 66

sensory feedback from muscles and internal organs

Front 67

which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Back 67

the higher the spinal cord injury, the intensity of the reported feeling was greater

Front 68

sugides by Ekman and colleagues suggest that

Back 68

simulated facial emotional expression changes sympathetic activity

Front 69

Ekman's research on the recognition of facial emotion expression

Back 69

showed that all cultures are able to recognize six basic emotions

Front 70

Which of the following is true of learning?

Back 70

Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences

Front 71

Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner," is an instance of ____ that likely involves the _____.

Back 71

perceptual learning; auditory association cortex

Front 72

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is

Back 72

feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news

Front 73

The _____ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.

Back 73

Hebb rule

Front 74

The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to

Back 74

adjust behavior according to its consequences

Front 75

Which of the following is true of motor learning?

Back 75

Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways.

Front 76

Rational learning involves changes in

Back 76

connections between different regions of sensory association cortex

Front 77

an example of relational learning is

Back 77

forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room

Front 78

Simple perceptual learning involves

Back 78

the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli

Front 79

The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000 slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that

Back 79

people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks

Front 80

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the _____ and carries information relating to ______

Back 80

inferior temporal cortex; object recognition

Front 81

Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to

Back 81

recognize familiar objects

Front 82

the MT/MST region of the visual association cortex is key for the

Back 82

perception of movement

Front 83

Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in _____, which lasts for ____

Back 83

short-term memory; a few seconds

Front 84

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. The notion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which

Back 84

TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern

Front 85

The ____ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems

Back 85

prefrontal cortex

Front 86

In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?

Back 86

The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information

Front 87

In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional response. Which of the following is true of the physiology of the fear response?

Back 87

Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning

Front 88

The notion that learning a conditioned emotional response to a tone involves long-term potentiation is supported by studies in which

Back 88

CE learning is blocked when a drug prevents the insertion of AMPA receptors into dendritic spines

Front 89

Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between

Back 89

circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response

Front 90

Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors that become routine?

Back 90

As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia

Front 91

The neostriatum is composed of the

Back 91

caudate nucleus and the putamen

Front 92

The flow of information into and from the basal ganglia is:

Back 92

sensory signals-caudate nucleus/putamen-globus pallidus-frontal cortex/primary motor cortex

Front 93

Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to

Back 93

impair instrumental conditioning

Front 94

The behavior of an animal is strongly reinforced by electrical stimulation of the

Back 94

medial forebrain bundle

Front 95

James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain

Back 95

could have reinforcing effects

Front 96

Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?

Back 96

Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner

Front 97

The ___ pathways connects the ventral segmental area with the nucleus accumbens

Back 97

mesolimbic

Front 98

Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ____ projections of the ____

Back 98

dopamine; mesolimbic pathway

Front 99

Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens

Back 99

does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice)

Front 100

People with anterograde amnesia

Back 100

show impairment of complex relational learning

Front 101

People with retrograde amnesia cannot

Back 101

recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury

Front 102

Patient H.M. developed ___ following bilateral damage to his _____

Back 102

anterograde amnesia; medial temporal lobe

Front 103

Based on the stud of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that

Back 103

the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories

Front 104

Based on the study of Patient H.M. it has been concluded that the hippocampus is

Back 104

not required for retrieval of long-term memories

Front 105

An example of a task that measures perceptual learning would be

Back 105

recognizing broken drawings

Front 106

One string aspect of H.M.'s memory deficit is that he could learn some new tasks, but is unaware of having learned them.

Back 106

could learn some new tasks, but is unaware of having learned them

Front 107

The most important input of the hippocampus is from

Back 107

the entorhinal cortex

Front 108

Which of the following is an explanation of hippocampal damage produced by anoxia?

Back 108

activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the neuron

Front 109

The ___ hippocampal formation is activated by ___

Back 109

right; spatial information

Front 110

a person with semantic dementia would be expected to show

Back 110

a difficulty in recalling factual information

Front 111

The Morris water maze can be viewed as a test of ___ when the rats are ___.

Back 111

relational learning; released from a different point of the maze on each trial

Front 112

dyslexia refers to

Back 112

word blindness

Front 113

acquired dyslexia refers to a reading difficulty that

Back 113

results from brain damage after the person has learned to read

Front 114

a person wo suffers from surface dyslexia

Back 114

is unable to use whole-word reading

Front 115

individuals with phonological dyslexia have

Back 115

reading unfamiliar words

Front 116

A Japanese person who suffers from surface dyslexia would be expected to

Back 116

have difficulty in reading kanji symbols

Front 117

Developmental dyslexias

Back 117

run in families and may have a genetic basis

Front 118

the general term used to refer to an impairment of writing is

Back 118

dysgraphia

Front 119

____ refers to a deficit in ____

Back 119

Orthographic dysgraphia; visually-based writing