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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Memory

Refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structures that account for this capacity.

Reconstructive memory

When a memory occurs and some details did not make sense, one's mind tends to add other details from their own culture to make the memory more sensible to them.

Source misattribution

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere.

Flashbulb memories

Vivid/ emotion-laden images and recollections of emotional and important events.

Confabulation

Confusion about an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a believe that you remember something when it never actually happened.

Imagination inflation

The more you think about a certain event, the more likely you are to believe that you actually were there and that it happened as you remember it, even if you were sound asleep in another house.

Leading questions

Suggestive comments, and misleading information to affect people's memories of events they have witnessed.

Explicit memory

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information.

Recall

The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material.

Recognition

The ability to identify previously encountered material.

Implicit memory

Unconscious for attention and memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions.

Priming

A method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task.

Relearning method

A method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material.

Information-processing models

Looking at the minds cognitive process as an information processor, along the lines of a computer, though more complex.

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Encode. Convert information to a form that the brain can process and use.

Storage. Retaining information overtime.


Retrieve. Uncover previously stored information for use.

Cognitive schemas

Mental networks of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning particular topics or aspects of the world.

Three-box model

A process of looking at memory; incoming information from the environment first goes to the sensory register, then short term memory, then long-term memory.

Parallel distributed processing model

A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel. Also called a connectionist model.

Sensory register

Retains incoming sensory information for a second or two, until it can be processed further.

Short-term memory (STM)

Holds a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, perhaps up to 30 seconds or so, unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer.

Chunks

A meaningful unit of information: it may be composed of smaller units.

Working memory

In many models of memory, cognitively complex form of short term memory; it involves active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task.

Long-term memory (LTM)

In the three box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long term storage of information.

Semantic categories

A way to organize words or the concepts they represent into separate categories.

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state

Can occur across many languages and cultures; when someone tries to recall a name, phrase, or word that they just can't think of.

Procedural memories

Memories for the performance of actions or skills ("knowing how").

Declarative memories

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events ("knowing that"); they include semantic and episodic memories.

Semantic memories

Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions.

Episodic memories

Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.

Serial-position effect

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of the items in the middle of the list.

Primacy and recency effects

Primacy- when your recall is best for items at the beginning of the list.

Recency- When your recall is best for items at the end of the list.

Long-term potentiation

A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.

Consolidation

The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and relatively stable.

Mnemonics

Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula.

Effortful vs. automatic encoding

Automatic encoding is when information is accurately encoded automatically, without effort. Effortful encoding is when information doesn't come without putting effort in.

Maintenance rehearsal

Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.

Elaborative rehearsal

Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable.

Deep processing

In the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of the stimulus.

Shallow processing

When you memorize a poem for instance, you will want to pay attention to the sounds of the words and the patterns of the rhythm in the poem and not just the poems meaning.

Retrieval practice

The repeated retrieval of an item of information from memory; it is necessary if a memory is to remain available for a long time.

Decay theory

The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed; it applies better too short term and long term memory.

Retroactive interference

Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously.

Proactive interference

Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material.

Cue-dependent forgetting

The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recall.

Deja vu

The fleeting sense of having been in exactly the same situation that you are in now

State-dependent memory

The tendency to remember something when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience.

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one's current mode and overlook or forget experience of that or not.

Amnesia

The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information.

Psychogenic amnesia

The causes of forgetting are psychological, such as the need to escape feelings of embarrassment, guilt, shame, disappointment, or emotional shock.

Traumatic amnesia

Allegedly involves the bearing of a specific trumatic events for a long period of time, often for many years. When the memory returns, it is supposedly recalled with perfect accuracy.

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious.

Childhood (infantile) amnesia

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.

Narratives

What we compose to simplify and make sense of our lives; has a profound influence on our plans, memories, love affairs, hatred, ambitions, and dreams.