Chapter 10: The Origin And Diversification Of Life On Earth

Front 1

Life on Earth most likely originated from?

Back 1

Nonliving Materials

Front 2

Species are the basic units of what?

Back 2

Biodiversity

Front 3

Evolutionary trees help us do what?

Back 3

Conceptualize and Categorize biodiversity

Front 4

What were the early earth atmospheric gasses?

Back 4

CO2, N2,CH4, NH3,H2,H2S

Front 5

Who were the two people who developed a simple 4-step expirement that demonstrated how complex organic molecules could have arisen in earth's early environment?

Back 5

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

Front 6

What could happen under conditions similar to those on early earth?

Back 6

Small organic molecules can form

Front 7

RNA can what?

Back 7

Self-replicate

Front 8

RNA can ____________ necessary for replication.

Back 8

Catalyze reactions

Front 9

Membranes make numerous aspects of...

Back 9

Metabolism possible

Front 10

What does mixtures of phospholipids in water spontaneously form?

Back 10

Microspheres

Front 11

What do microspheres formed around RNA molecules have?

Back 11

A protocell

Front 12

How did the first organisms on earth arise?

Back 12

1) Formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen, 2)formation of self-replicating, information-containing molecules, 3)Development of a membrane

Front 13

What is the Earliest form of life on earth.

Back 13

Fossils of 3.5 billion year old cells that may have been among the first living organisms on earth.

Front 14

Species are the what?

Back 14

Basic units of biodiversity

Front 15

Species Definition

Back 15

Natural populations of organisms that interbreed and cannot interbreed with organisms outside of their group.

Front 16

Species is...

Back 16

Labels for different kinds of organisms.

Front 17

Two key features of the biological species concept:

Back 17

1) actually interbreeding or could possibly interbreed, 2) "natural populations"

Front 18

What are the barriers to Reproduction?

Back 18

1) Prezygotic barriers, 2) postzygotic barriers

Front 19

Prezygotic Barriers

Back 19

Individuals are physically unable to mate with each other, or if individuals can mate the males reproductive cell is unable to fertilize the female's reproductive cell.

Front 20

Postzygotic,Barriers

Back 20

Matings produce hybrid individuals that do not survive long after fertilization, or hybrid offspring survive they are infertile or have reduced fertility.

Front 21

Prozygotic Mating Barriers

Back 21

Occur after fertilization, Generally prevent the production of fertile offspring, hybrids

Front 22

How do we name species?

Back 22

With a Hierarchical System

Front 23

What are the 2 parts consisting to names?

Back 23

Genus plus specific epithet

Front 24

Each species on earth is given a unique name using a what?

Back 24

Hierarchical system of classification

Front 25

What are the three domains every species on earth falls into?

Back 25

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Front 26

The Biological Species Concept doesnt work for...

Back 26

Classifying asexual species, Classifying fossil species, determining when one species has changed to amother, Classifying ring species, Classifying hybridizing species

Front 27

Why Classifying Asexual Species does not work with the biological species concept

Back 27

Asexual reproduction does not involve interbreeding.

Front 28

Why Classifying Fossil Species does not work with the biological species concept

Back 28

Differences in size and shape of fossil bones cannot reveal wether there was reproductive isolation between the individuals from which the bones came.

Front 29

Why Determining when one Species has changed into another does not work with the biological species concept

Back 29

There is rarely a definitive moment marking the transition from one species to another.

Front 30

Why Classifying Ring Species does not work with the biological species concept

Back 30

Two non-interbreeding populations may be connected to each other by gene flow through another population, so there is no exact point where one species stops and the other begins.

Front 31

Why Classifying Hybridizing Species does not work with the biological species concept

Back 31

Hybridization- the interbreeding of closely related species- sometimes occurs and produces fertile offspring, suggesting that the borders between the species are not clear cut.

Front 32

The Morphological Species Concept...

Back 32

Focuses on aspects of organisns other than reproductive isolation as defining features, Characterizes species based on physical features such as body size and shape, can be used effectively to classify asexual species.

Front 33

The biological species concept is useful when describing what?

Back 33

Most plants and Animals

Front 34

The biological species concept falls short when representing a what?

Back 34

universal and definitive way of distinguishing many life forms.

Front 35

How do new species arise?

Back 35

One species splits into two distinct species.

Front 36

What are the two distinct phasses for speciation?

Back 36

Reproductive Isolation, and Genetic divergence

Front 37

Steps to Allopatric Speciation

Back 37

1) Inital population, 2) Reproductive Isolation, 3) Genetic Divergence

Front 38

Speciation definition

Back 38

The process by which one species splits into two distinct species that are repriductively isolated

Front 39

Speciation can occur by polyploidy or by...

Back 39

combination of reproductive isolation and genetic divergence.

Front 40

What can help conceptualize and categorize biodiversity?

Back 40

Evolutionary trees

Front 41

The tree reveals the evolutionary history of all what?

Back 41

Species and the sequence of speciation events that gave rise to them.

Front 42

Evolutionary trees show what?

Back 42

Ancestor-descendant relationships

Front 43

Monophyletic Groups

Back 43

A group in which all of the individuals are more closely related to each other than to any individuals outside of that group.

Front 44

What determines Monophyletic Groups?

Back 44

Determined by looking at the nodes of trees.

Front 45

Members of a Monophyletic Group share what?

Back 45

A common ancestor and all the decendants of that ancestor.

Front 46

How are evolutionary trees constructed?

Back 46

By comparing similarities and differences among organisms.

Front 47

How to esimate how long it has been since they shared a common ancestor?

Back 47

By comparing DNA sequences.

Front 48

What do evolutionary trees represent?

Back 48

An attempt to describe which groups are most closely related to which othwr groups.

Front 49

Homologous traits definition

Back 49

Features that are inherited from a common ancestor

Front 50

Analogous traits

Back 50

Features produced by convergent evolution

Front 51

How do you know whether traits are homologous or analogous?

Back 51

DNA analysis

Front 52

Evolutionary trwes are best constructed by comparing organisms' __________ rather than comparing physical similarities.

Back 52

DNA sequences

Front 53

Convergent evolution can cause distantly related organisms to appear...

Back 53

Closely related, but doesn't increase their DNA sequence similarity.

Front 54

Short term results

Back 54

Microevolution

Front 55

Long-term results

Back 55

Macroevolution

Front 56

The process of evolution in conjunction with reproductive isolation is sufficient to what?

Back 56

produce speciation and the rich diversity of life on earth.

Front 57

The pace of evolution does what?

Back 57

Varies for different species.

Front 58

2 types of pace of evolution

Back 58

Gradual change, and punctuated equilibrium

Front 59

The pace at which evolution occurs can be what?

Back 59

Rapid or slow

Front 60

Adaptive Radiation

Back 60

Adaptive Radiation occurs when a small number of species diversify into a larger number of species. Three phenomena tend to trigger adaptive radiation.

Front 61

3 types of Adaptive Radiation

Back 61

Mass extinction events, colonization events, evolutionary innovations

Front 62

What are the 2 categories of extinction

Back 62

Mass Extinctions, Background Extinction

Front 63

Mass extinctions are caused by...

Back 63

Extraordinary and sudden changes to the environment

Front 64

Background extinctions are caused by...

Back 64

Natural Selection

Front 65

As new species are created...

Back 65

Others are lost through extinction

Front 66

Extinction may be a consequence of...

Back 66

Natural selection, large sudden changes in the environment.

Front 67

Mass extinctions when?

Back 67

A large number of species become extinct over a short period of time.

Front 68

What are the 3 domains of life?

Back 68

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Hint 68

BAE

Front 69

Bacteria originated from...

Back 69

Self-replicating, metabolizing cells

Front 70

There was a split line between ________ and a line that gave rise to the _______ and ________.

Back 70

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Front 71

The fusion of a _________ and a ___________________ gave rise to the eukarya, which then split from the archaea line.

Back 71

Bacterium, archaeon-like prokaryote

Front 72

What do all bacteria have in common?

Back 72

Single-celled organisms with no nucleus or organelles, one or more circular molecules of DNA, several methods of exchanging genetic information, asexual organisms

Front 73

Bacteria have a much broader diversity of...

Back 73

Metabolic and reproductive abilities than do the eukarya.

Front 74

What are the 5 groups for the archaea exhibit based on their physiological features?

Back 74

Thermophiles, Halophiles, High- and low- PH tolerant, High- pressure tolerant, Methanogens

Front 75

Archaea physically resembles ______ but are more closely related to ______.

Back 75

Bacteria, eukarya

Front 76

What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya?

Back 76

1. Protist, 2. Plants, 3. Fungi, 4. Animals

Front 77

All living organisms that can be seen with the naked eye are...

Back 77

Eukarya, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Front 78

The _______ are unique among the three domains in that they have cells with organelles.

Back 78

Eukarya