Chapter 10: The Cardiovascular System

Front 1

analgesic

Back 1

pertaining to relieving pain; a medication that relieves pain

Front 2

anastomosis

Back 2

a surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other. anastomosis of blood vessels may be performed to bypass an occluded area and restore normal blood flow to the area.

Front 3

aneurysm

Back 3

localized dilation of a weakened area of the wall of an artery. the weakened area balloons out with every pulsation of the artery

Front 4

aneurysmectomy

Back 4

surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm

Front 5

anomaly

Back 5

deviation from normal; birth defect; for example, congenital anomaly

Front 6

anorexia

Back 6

lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat. it is seen in individuals who are depressed, with the onset of fever and illness, with stomach disorders, or as a result of excessive intake of alcohol or drugs

Front 7

aplastic

Back 7

without development

Front 8

arthralgia

Back 8

joint pain

Front 9

ascites

Back 9

an abnormal collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity (the peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the entire abdominal cavity). this fluid contains large amounts of protein and electrolytes. general abdominal swelling occurs with ascites

Front 10

asystole

Back 10

absence of contractions of the heart

Front 11

atherosclerosis

Back 11

a form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) characterized by fatty deposits building up within the inner layers of the walls of larger arteries

Front 12

benign

Back 12

noncancerous; not progressive

Front 13

bruit

Back 13

an abnormal sound or murmur heard with a stethoscope when listening to a carotid artery, organ, or gland: for example, during auscultation

Front 14

cardiologist

Back 14

one who specializes in the study of diseases and disorders of the heart

Front 15

cardiology

Back 15

the study of the heart

Front 16

carditis

Back 16

inflammation of the heart muscles

Front 17

carotid endarterectomy

Back 17

a surgical procedure performed to remove plaque buildup in the carotid arteries and facilitate blood flow; performed to reduce the risk of stroke caused by disruption of the blood flow

Front 18

claudication

Back 18

cramplike pains in the calves of the legs caused by poor circulation to the muscles of the legs commonly associated with artherosclerosis

Front 19

coronary artery

Back 19

one of a pair of arteries that branch from the aorta. the coronary arteries and their branches supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle (myocardium)

Front 20

cusp

Back 20

any one of the small flaps on the valves of the heart

Front 21

dependent edema

Back 21

a fluid accumulation in the tissues influenced by gravity; usually greater in the lower extremities than in tissue levels above the level of the heart

Front 22

diastole

Back 22

the period of relaxation of the heart, alternating with the contraction phase known as systole.

Front 23

dysrythmia

Back 23

abnormal rhythm

Front 24

echocardiogram

Back 24

the graphic outline or record of movements of structures of the heart produced by ultrasonography (ultrasound)

Front 25

edema

Back 25

the localized or generalized collection of fluid within the body tissues, causing the areas to swell

Front 26

embolus

Back 26

a clot or a part of a clot that has dislodged from another vessel and moved into a smaller vessel, possibly causing an obstruction to the flow of blood, an embolus may be solid, liquid, or gaseous

Front 27

endocarditis

Back 27

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart; caused by direct invasion of bacteria or other organisms and leading to deformity of the valve cusps. abnormal growths called vegetations are formed on or within the membrane

Front 28

epicardium

Back 28

the inner layer of the pericardium, which is the double-folded membrane that encloses the heart

Front 29

hemostasis

Back 29

stopping or controlling the flow of blood

Front 30

hepatomegaly

Back 30

enlargement of the liver

Front 31

Homan's sign

Back 31

pain felt in the calf of the leg, or behind the knee, when the examiner is purposely dorsiflexing the foot of the patient. if the patient feels pain, it is called a positive Homan's sign indicating thrombophlebitis

Front 32

hyperlipidemia

Back 32

an excessive level of fats in the blood

Front 33

hypertension

Back 33

elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 135/85 mmHg; high BP; aka as arterial hypertension

1) essential

2) secondary

3) malignant

Front 34

hypotension

Back 34

low BP; less than normal BP reading

Front 35

hypoxemia

Back 35

insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood

Front 36

infarction

Back 36

a localized area of necrosis in tissue, a vessel, an organ, or a part resulting from lack of oxygen (anoxia) due to interrupted blood flow to the area

Front 37

ischemia

Back 37

decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ

Front 38

lesion

Back 38

a wound, injury, or any pathological change in body tissue

Front 39

leukopenia

Back 39

an abnormal decrease in number of WBCs to fewer than 5,000 cells per cubic millimeter; aka leukocytopenia

Front 40

lipid

Back 40

any of a group of fats or fatlike substances found in the blood. (examples are cholesterol, fatty acids, and triglycerides)

Front 41

lumen

Back 41

a cavity or the channel within any organ or structure of the body; the space within an artery, vein, instestine, or tube

Front 42

mediastinum

Back 42

the area between the lungs in the chest cavity that contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, and bronchii

Front 43

megaloblastic anemia

Back 43

a form of anemia characterized by excessive production of immature large erythrocytes (RBCs), unable to carry on their normal function

Front 44

myelodysplastic syndrome

Back 44

a rare group of blood disorders that occur as a result of poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells within the bone marrow; the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells and there are abnormal (blast) cells in the blood and/or bone marrow

Front 45

myocardium

Back 45

the middle muscular layer of the heart

Front 46

nocturia

Back 46

urination at night

Front 47

orthopnea

Back 47

an abnormal condition in which a person sits up straight or stands up to breathe comfortably

Front 48

pacemaker

Back 48

the SA node of the heart located in the RA. it is responsible for initiating the heartbeat, influencing the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat. the cardiac pacemaker is an electric apparatus used for maintaining a normal heart rhythm by electrically stimulating the heart muscle to contract

Front 49

palpable

Back 49

detectable by touch

Front 50

palpitation

Back 50

a pounding or racing of the heart, associated with normal emotional responses or with heart disorders

Front 51

pericardial

Back 51

pertaining to the pericardium

Front 52

pericardium

Back 52

the double membranous sac that encloses the heart and the origins of the great blood vessels

Front 53

petechiae

Back 53

small, purplish, hemorrhagic spots on the skin; may be due to abnormality in the blood-clotting mechanism of the body

Front 54

phlebitis

Back 54

inflammation of a vien

Front 55

pitting edema

Back 55

a swelling, usually of the skin of the extremities, that when pressed firmly with a finger will maintain the dent produced by the finger

Front 56

prophylactic

Back 56

an agent that protects against disease

Front 57

pulmonary artery

Back 57

one of a pair of arteries that transports deoxygenated blood from the RV of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. the pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body to cary deoxygenated blood

Front 58

pulmonary circulation

Back 58

the circulation of deoxygenated blood from the RV of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the LA of the heart; that is, from the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart

Front 59

pulmonary vein

Back 59

one of 4 arge veins (2 from each lung) that returns oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the LA of the heart. the pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body to carry oxygenated blood

Front 60

SA node

Back 60

sinoatrial node; pacemaker of the heart

Front 61

septicemia

Back 61

systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, having spread from an infection in any part of the body

Front 62

septum

Back 62

a wall, or partition, that divides or separates two cavities. the interatrial septum sep the right and left atria, the atrioventricular septum sep the atria and ventricles, and the interventricular septum sep the right and left ventricles

Front 63

serum sickness

Back 63

a hypersensitivity reaction that may occur 2-3 weeks after administration of an antiserum. symptoms include fever, enlargement of the spleen, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, and skin rash

Front 64

Sydenham's chorea

Back 64

a form of chorea (involuntary muscle twitching) associated with rheumatic fever, usually occurring in childhood

Front 65

systemic circulation

Back 65

the circulation of blood from the LV of the heart, throughout the body, and back to the RA of the heart. oxygenated blood leaves the LV of the heart and is distributed to the capillaries. deoxygenated blood is picked up from the capillaries and is transported back to the right atrium of the heart

Front 66

systole

Back 66

the contraction phase of the heartbeat forcing blood into the aorta and the pulmonary arteries. systole is marked by the first sound heard on auscultation, or the first pulse palpated, after the release of the blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer) *challenge word*

Front 67

thrombosis

Back 67

the formation or existence of a blood clot

Front 68

vasocontriction

Back 68

narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel

Front 69

vegetation

Back 69

an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve

Front 70

aneurysm/o

Back 70

aneursym

Front 71

angi/o

Back 71

vessel

Front 72

arter/o , arteri/o

Back 72

artery

Front 73

arteriol/o

Back 73

arteriole

Front 74

arther/o

Back 74

fatty

Front 75

blast/o

Back 75

embryonic stage of development

Front 76

cardi/o , coron/o

Back 76

heart

Front 77

echo-

Back 77

sound

Front 78

electr/o

Back 78

electrical, electricity

Front 79

-emia

Back 79

blood condition

Front 80

endo-

Back 80

within

Front 81

-gram

Back 81

record or picture

Front 82

-graphy

Back 82

process of recording

Front 83

hem/o

Back 83

blood

Front 84

-penia

Back 84

decrease in; deficiency

Front 85

-stasis

Back 85

stopping or controlling

Front 86

ventricul/o

Back 86

ventricle of the heart or brain

Front 87

pallor

Back 87

paleness

Front 88

angina pectoris

Back 88

severe pain and constriction about the heart, usually radiating to the left shoulder and down the left arm, creating a feeling of pressure in the anterior chest

Front 89

cardiac tamponade

Back 89

compression of the heart caused by the accumulation of blood or other fluid within the pericardial sac. the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity prevents the ventricle from adequately filling or pumping blood. a life-threatening emergency if untreated

Front 90

cardiomyopathy

Back 90

a disease of the heart muscle itself, primarily affecting the pumping ability of the heart. this noninflammatory disease of the heart results in enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly) and dysfunction of the ventricles of the heart

Front 91

congestive heart failure

Back 91

condition characterized by weakness, breathlessness, and abdominal discomfort. edema in the lower portions of the body resulting from the flow of the blood through the vessels being slowed (venous stasis) and the outflow of blood from the left side of the heart is reduced. the pumping ability of the heart is progressively impaired to the point that is no longer meets bodily needs; aka cardiac failure

Front 92

coronary artery disease

Back 92

the narrowing of the coronary arteries to the extent that adequate blood supply to the myocardium is prevented

page 410-412

Front 93

hypertensive heart disease

Back 93

a result of long-term hypertension. the heart is affected because it must work against increased resistance due to increased pressure in the arteries

Front 94

mitral valve prolapse

Back 94

drooping of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole, resulting in incomplete closure of the valve mitral insufficiency

Front 95

myocardial infarction

Back 95

*challenge word*

heart attack: a condition caused by occlusion of one or more of the coronary arteries. this life-threatening condition results when myocardial tissue is destroyed in areas of the heart that are deprived of an adequate blood supply due to the occluded vessels

Front 96

myocarditis

Back 96

inflammation of the myocardium may be caused by viral or bacterial infections or may be a result of systemic diseases such as rheumatic fever. this may also be caused by fungal infections, serum sickness, or a chemical agent

Front 97

pericarditis

Back 97

inflammation of the pericardium, the saclike membrane that covers the heart muscle. it may be acute or chronic

Front 98

rheumatic fever

Back 98

an inflammatory disease that may develop as a delayed reaction to insufficiently treated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract

Front 99

arteriosclerosis

Back 99

an arterial condition in which there is thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries, resulting in decreased blood supply, especially to the lower extremities and cerebrum

Front 100

peripheral arterial occlusive disease

Back 100

obstruction of the arteries in the extremities (predominantly the legs). the leading cause of this disease is atherosclerosis, which leads to narrowing of the lumen of the artery. the classic symptom is intermittent claudication, which is cramplike pain in the muscles brought on my exercise and relieved by rest

Front 101

Raynaud's phenomenon

Back 101

intermittent attacks of vasocontriction of the arterioles (causing pallor of the fingers or toes), followed by cyanosis and then redness before returning to normal color; initiated by exposure to cold or emotional disturbance

Front 102

thrombophlebitis

Back 102

inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (clot); usually occurs in an extremity, most frequently a leg

Front 103

varicose veins

Back 103

enlarged, superficial veins; a twisted, dilated vein with incompetent valves

Front 104

venous insufficiency

Back 104

an abnormal circulatory condition characterized by decreased return of venous blood from the legs to the trunk of the body

Front 105

coarctation of the aorta

Back 105

a congenital heart defect characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta, which results in increased BP in the upper extremities (area proximal to defect) and dec BP in the lower extremities (area distal to defect)

Front 106

patent ductus arteriosus

Back 106

an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth. this defect is seen primarily in premature infants

Front 107

tetralogy of Fallot

Back 107

a congenital heart anomaly that consists of 4 defects: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, dextroposition (shifting to the right) of the aorta so that it receives blood from both ventricles, and hypertrophy of the RV; named for the french physician who first described the condition

Front 108

transposition of the great vessels

Back 108

a condition in which the two major arteries of the heart are reversed in position, which results in two noncommunicating circulatory systems

Front 109

atrial flutter

Back 109

condition in which the contractions of the atria become extremely rapid, at the rate of 250-350 bpm

Front 110

fibrillation (atrial/ventricular)

Back 110

atrial fibrillation is extremely rapid, incomplete contractions of the atria resulting in disorganized and uncoordinated twitching of the atria

Front 111

heart block (AV)

Back 111

an interference with the normal conduction of electric impulses that control activity of the heart muscle

Front 112

ventricular tachycardia

Back 112

a condition in which the ventricles of the heart beat at a rate greater than 100 bpm; characterized by 3 or more consecutive premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). it is also known as "V-tach" (VT).

Front 113

angiography

Back 113

x-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the heart and blood vessels after introducing a radiopaque substance (contrast medium) that promotes the imaging (makes them visible) of internal structures that are otherwise difficult to see on x-ray film. this substance is injected into an artery or a vein

Front 114

cardiac catheterization

Back 114

a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter (a hollow, flexible tube) is introduced into a large vein or artery (usually of an arm or a leg) and then threaded through the circulatory system to the heart. it is used to obtain detailed info about the structure and function of the heart chambers, valves, and the great vessels

Front 115

cardiac enzymes test

Back 115

performed on samples of blood obtained by venipuncture to determine the presence of damage to the myocardial muscle

Front 116

computed axial tomography (CAT)

Back 116

a diagnostic x-ray technique that uses ionizing radiation to produce a cross-sectional image of the body

Front 117

echocardiography

Back 117

a diagnostic procedure for studying the structure and motion of the heart. it is useful in evaluating structural and functional changes in a variety of heart disorders

Front 118

electrocardiogram

Back 118

a graphic record (visual representation) of the electrical action of the heart as reflected from various angles to the surface of the skin; known as EKG or ECG

Front 119

event monitor

Back 119

similar to the Holter monitor in that it also records the electrical activity of the heart while the patient goes about usual daily activities. a cardiac event monitor can be used for a longer period of time than a Holter monitor (usually a month).

Front 120

exercise stress testing

Back 120

a means of assessing cardiac function by subjecting the patient to carefully controlled amounts of physical stress

Front 121

Holter monitoring

Back 121

a small, portable monitoring device that makes prolonged electrocardiograph recordings on a portable tape recorder. the continuous EKG (ambulatory EKG) is recorded on a magnetic tape recording while the patient conducts normal daily activities

Front 122

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Back 122

ICD is a small, lightweight, electronic device placed under the skin or muscle in either the chest or abdomen to monitor the heart's rhythm. if an abnormal rhythm occurs, the ICD helps return the heart to it's normal rhythm

Front 123

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 123

involves the use of a strong magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to produce imaging that is valuable in providing images of the heart, large blood vessels, brain, and soft tissue

Front 124

positron emission tomography (PET)

Back 124

a computerized X-ray technique that uses radioactive substances to examine the blood flow and the metabolic activity of various body structures such as the heart and blood vessels. the patient is given doses of strong radioactive tracers by injection or inhalation. the radiation emitted is measured by the PET camera

Front 125

serum lipid test

Back 125

measures the amount of fatty substances in a sample of blood obtained by venipunture

Front 126

thallium stress test

Back 126

one of several nuclear stress tests, is a combination of exercise stress testing with thallium imaging (myocardial perfusion scan) to assess changes in coronary blood flow during exercise

Front 127

A fib

Back 127

atrial fibrillation

Front 128

AMI

Back 128

acute myocardial infarction

Front 129

AS

Back 129

aortic stenosis

Front 130

ASD

Back 130

atrial septal defect

Front 131

ASHD

Back 131

arteriosclerotic heart disease

Front 132

AV

Back 132

atrioventricular

Front 133

BBB

Back 133

bundle branch block

Front 134

BP

Back 134

blood pressure

Front 135

CABG

Back 135

coronary artery bypass graft

Front 136

CAD

Back 136

coronary artery disease

Front 137

Cath

Back 137

catherization

Front 138

CC

Back 138

cardiac catherization

Front 139

CCU

Back 139

coronary care unit

Front 140

CHD

Back 140

coronary heart disease

Front 141

CHF

Back 141

congestive heart failure

Front 142

CPR

Back 142

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Front 143

CVD

Back 143

cardiovascular disease

Front 144

DOE

Back 144

dyspnea on exertion

Front 145

DVT

Back 145

deep vein thrombosis

Front 146

ECG / EKG

Back 146

electrocardiogram

Front 147

ECHO

Back 147

echocardiogram

Front 148

HCVD

Back 148

hypertensive cardiovascular disease

Front 149

HDL

Back 149

high-density lipoprotein

Front 150

ICD

Back 150

implantable cardioversion defibrillator

Front 151

LDL

Back 151

low-density lipoprotein

Front 152

MI

Back 152

myocardial infarction

Front 153

MRI

Back 153

magnetic resonance imaging

Front 154

MS

Back 154

mitral stenosis

Front 155

MVP

Back 155

mitral valve prolapse

Front 156

PACs

Back 156

premature atrial contractions

Front 157

PAT

Back 157

paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

Front 158

PDA

Back 158

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 159

PET

Back 159

positron emission tomography

Front 160

PTCA

Back 160

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Front 161

PVCs

Back 161

premature ventricular contractions

Front 162

SA

Back 162

sinoatrial

Front 163

V Fib

Back 163

ventricular fibrillation

Front 164

VSD

Back 164

ventricular septal defect

Front 165

VT, V tach.

Back 165

ventricular tachycardia