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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sound Localization
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1. Interaural Time Difference (ITD)
2. Interaural Level Difference (ILD |
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Interaural Time Difference
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The difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other
-largest: 640 microseconds -Medial superior olives: first place auditory signals form both ears converge, location of ITD dectectors -dependent on size of head |
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Azimuth
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Location of an imaginary circle that extends around us in a horizontal plane
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Interaural Level Difference
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The difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other.
-shape of head effects this -greatest for high frequency tones (head blocks short-wave lengths) -laternal superior olives |
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Cones of confusion
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regions that produce the same ITD and ILD
-Azimuth doesn't consider sounds from above and below |
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Pinna and Head cues
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intensity and frequency funnelled at different efficiencies depending on direction of sound
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Head-related transfer function (HRTF)
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A function that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head and torso, change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space
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Auditory distance perception
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1. relative intensity
2. spectral composition 3. relative amounts of direct versus reverberant energy |
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Relative intensity
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Becomes less intense with greater distance
-inverse-square law: as distance from a source increases, intensity decreases faster such that decrease in intensity is the distance squared. |
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Spectral composition
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the farther away, the "muddier" the sound
-the distance must be at least 1000 meters |
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direct vs. reverberant energy
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direct: arrives directly from teh source
reververant: bounced off surfaces in the environment |
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Missing fundamental
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The auditory system is actuetly sensitive to natural relationship between harmonics- still hear missing fundamental
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Timbre
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The pschological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds that have the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar.
-Timbre quality is conveyed by harmonics and other high frequencies. |
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Attack
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the part of a sound during which amplitude increases
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Decay
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The part of a sound during which amplitude decreases
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Auditory stream segregation
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division of auditory world into separate auditory objects
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Auditory stream
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sounds perceived to cmonate from teh same source
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Grouping sounds:
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1. Auditory stream: similarity
2. Timbre 3. onset: common fate 4. Continuity (continues behind masking sound)- good continuation 5. Restoration- percieve missing sound as present(closure) |
