Chapter 10 Nucleotides And Na

Front 1

Information transfer in cells

Back 1

info encoded in DNA is transcribed thru RNA synthesis
RNA is read and translated into a sequence of aa in protein

Front 2

Replication
transcription
translation

Back 2

DNA gives 2 identical copies
DNA to complement mRNA
sequence aa into protein,tRNA

Front 3

pyrimidines

purines

Back 3

C,U,T (ring with 2 N)

A,G (hex & pent with 4 N)

Front 4

cytosine
uracil
thymine

Back 4

=O and NH2
=O,=O, and N-H
=O,=O,CH3, and N-H

Front 5

adenine

guanine

Back 5

hex:NH2, pent:N-H

hex:NH2,=O pent:N-H

Front 6

UV absorption spectra of ribonucleotides

Back 6

determine the []
nucleotides and NA absorb UV light

Front 7

Nucleosides

Back 7

compounds formed when a base is linked to a sugar (no P).
sugars=pentoses
C2:DNA has H, RNA has OH

Front 8

Nucleoside factorals

Back 8

base is linked by glycosidic
C of glycosidic is anomeric
-idine:pyrimidine
-osine:purine
conformation of base:syn,anti
sugars make more H2O-soluable

Front 9

Rotation around the glycosidic bond

Back 9

is sterically hindered
steric hindrance:CH2OH projects above the ribose ring
syn vs anti: base pairing
Mnemonic:syn is bad, favor anti

Front 10

Kaguni rule

Back 10

a bad mnemonic is a good mnemonic

Front 11

four common ribonucleotides

Back 11

AMP:adenylic acid
GMP:guanylic acid
CMP:cytidylic acid
UMP:uridylic acid

Front 12

Structure and chemistry of nucleoTIDES

Back 12

most abundant are ribonucleos
are polyprotic acids: 3-4 protons that can dissociate from each P

Front 13

functions of nucleotides

Back 13

nucleoSIDE 5'-triP carry energy
serve as recognition units
cyclic nucleotides:signal, regulate cell metabolism

Front 14

more functions

Back 14

ATP is central energy to metabolism
GTP drives protein synthesis
CTP drives lipid synthesis
UTP drives carb metabolism

Front 15

structures of cyclic nucleotides

Back 15

cAMP and cGMP
addition of P to the available ribose OH groups found in all cells

Front 16

ATP synthesis

Back 16

Formation of ADP and ATP successive addition of P groups by phosphoric anhydride linkages. Remove H2O in dehydration synthesis

Front 17

Phosphoryl group transfer

Pyrophosphoryl group transfer

Back 17

PO4(NTP) + ROH-->NDP + R-PO4

2PO4(NTP) + ROH-->NMP + R-2PO4

Front 18

Nucleic acids

Back 18

polymers linked 3-5' by phosphodiester
always reads 5-3'
N to C terminus (in proteins)

Front 19

Different classes of NA

Back 19

DNA:one type/purpose
rRNA:structure/f of ribos
mRNA:carries message
tRNA: carries aa

Front 20

notation for NA structures

Back 20

furanoses are vertical
phosphodiesters are diagonal

Front 21

Several forms of RNA

Back 21

m, r, t
small nuclear, sn
small non-coding RNA

Front 22

DNA double helix
antiparallel

Back 22

bp from H-bonds
Franklins x-ray diffractions
Crick:knew it was a helix
Watson: found H-bonds

Front 23

DNA structure

Back 23

d=2nm
l=1.6 million nm
compact/folded
eukaryotic DNA wrapped around histone (nucleosomes)

Front 24

Nucleosome

Back 24

alternating DNA double helix and histone octamer
consist of 2 turns of DNA supercoiled about a histone "core" ocatmer

Front 25

mRNA

Back 25

transcription pdt of DNA
prok:single contains info for many proteins
euk:single for one protein has introns and extrons

Front 26

mRNA between pro and eu

Back 26

pro:meets RNA polymerase near 5' end
eu:remove ex, keep in, get mRNA

Front 27

Eukaryotic mRNA

Back 27

DNA is transcribed to produce heterogeneous nuclear RNA
intron:intervening sequence
extron:coding sequence

Front 28

rRNA

Back 28

ribos are 2/3 RNA and 1/3 protein

Front 29

Unusual bases of rRNA

Back 29

pseudouridine, ribothymidylic acid and methylated bases

Front 30

tRNA

Back 30

small polypep chains 73-94 residues
several bases usually methylated
each aa has 1 unique tRNA to take it to the ribo
aminoacyl tRNA are the S's of protein synthesis

Front 31

RNA (bases)

Back 31

C deaminates to form U
repair enzymes recognize these mutation ans replace U's with C's
Nature uses T in place of U to determine natural vs mutation

Front 32

deamination of C forms U

Back 32

C + H2O-->NH3 + U

Front 33

thymine

Back 33

the 5-methyl group on T labels it as a special kind of U

Front 34

OH and H diff b/w the NA's

Back 34

vicinal

Front 35

DNA and RNA diffs

Back 35

DNA lacking OH is more stable
RNA is designed to be used and then broken down

Front 36

Hydrolysis of NA's
RNA

Back 36

resistant to dilute acid
hydrolyzed by dilute base

Front 37

Hydrolysis of NA's
DNA

Back 37

depurinated by dilute acid
not susceptible to base

Front 38

vicinal OH groups

Back 38

of RNA are susceptible to nucleophilic attack leading to hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond.

Front 39

cleavage of polynucleotide chains

Back 39

the 3'side of each phosphodiester is a and 5' is b.
Hydrolysis of a yields 5'-PO4 products and of b yields 3'-PO4 products

Front 40

snake venom phosphodiesterase

Back 40

removal of 5'NMP from 3' end resulting in 5'-AMP
("a" specific exonuclease)

Front 41

spleen phophodiesterase

Back 41

removal of 3'-NMP from 5' end
resulting in 3'-CMP
("b" specific exonuclease)

Front 42

RNaseA (pancreas)

Back 42

"b" specific exonuclease
cleaves b at 3'pyrimidine, yielding oligos with pyrimidine 3'-PO4 ends

Front 43

restriction enzymes

Back 43

bacteria restrict attack from foreign DNA by this enzyme
Type II & III cleave DNA
recognition of 6-base sequence is "six-cutter"

Front 44

Type II restriction enzymes

Back 44

No ATP required
recognition in DS-DNA have 2-fold axis of symmetry
cleave leaves sticky/blunt end

Front 45

more Type II restriction

Back 45

names are 3-letter code
1st:genus 2nd,3rd:species
following letter = strain
EcoRI is 1st is R strain of ecoli