Chapter 10- Nervous Systems

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cell body (soma)

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is the part of the neuron containing the nucleus and most of the cell's organelles.

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central nervous system

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consists of the brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

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consists of nerves and ganglia that channel impulses to and from the CNS

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NERVOUS TISSUE

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most abundant tissue forming the organs of the nervous system

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neurons

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primary functional units of the nervous system

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neuroglia

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are the supporting cells of nervous tissue that protect, nourish, and promote the function of neurons

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neurofibrils

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contained in cytoskeletal elements. function in support and intracellular transport

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Nissl bodies

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elaborate rough endoplasmic reticulum involved in metabolic activities of the cell

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Nuclei

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in the CNS, Cell clusters form this and the processes croup to form tracts

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Ganglia

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In the PNS, cell bodies cluster to form this and process group to form nerves

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dendrites

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the cell body recieves action potentials. looks like the branches of a tiny tree extending away from the cell body.

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axon

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longer than any of the dendrites, single process in all the neurons

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axon hillock

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junction between the axon and the cell body.

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myelin sheath

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axon wrapped with an external covering

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axon terminals

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small processes at the end of the axon and its axon collaterals.

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a change in the environment, such as change in temperature or pressure against the skin is detected by receptors associated with this.

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sensory neurons

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carries the impulse of sensory neurons to other interneurons for integration

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interneurons

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carries it away from the CNS to terminate at an effector, such as muscle cell or gland.

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motor neurons

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such as motor neurons and interneurons, have numerous processes, including a single axon and many dendrites

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multipolar neurons

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a neuron with two processes- one axon and one dendrite on either side of the cell body

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bipolar neuron

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a neuron with just one process, the axon.

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unipolar neuron.

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neuroglia

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most abundant cells in the brain, make up roughly 90% of total brain mass

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oligodendrocytes

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produce the myelin sheath in the CNS

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Schwann cells

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produce the myelin sheath in the PNS

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neurolemma

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when the cytoplasm and the cell's nucleus are pushed to the outermost layer of the sheath, forming a small bulge

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white matter

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an area of nervous tissue dominated by myelinated axons is white in color

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What are the four main regions of the brain?

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the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem.

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longitudinal fissure

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a deep downfold; separates the cerebrum into two parts the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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transverse fissure

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deep downfold; separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

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gyri

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the upfoldings of the cerebrum

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sulci

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the shallow downfoldings of the cerebrum.

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central sulcus

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divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

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precentral gyrus

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the upfold, or gyrus anterior to the central sulcus;

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cerebral cortex

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the outermost fringe of the cerebrum

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cerebral white matter

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Region of myelinated axons, deep to the cerebral cortex

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association fibers

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extend to within the same hemisphere

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commisural fibers

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extend between two hemispheres

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corpus callosum

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prominent tract in commissural fibers

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projection fibers

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ascend or descend through the brain

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basal ganglia

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clusters of gray matter embedded with in the white matter of each hemisphere; controls semiconscious muscle movements and participates in the limbic system, or emotional functions of the brain.

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cerebellum

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regulates posture and equilibrium, and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions to produce smooth, effect ive motor skills

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vermis

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separates the right and left hemisphere in the cerebellum

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arbor vitae

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white matter is organized into narrow branches that resemble those of a tree.

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cerebellar cortex

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outer layer of gray matter in cerebellum

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cerebellar peduncles

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how the cerebellum is attached to the rest of the brain.

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diencephalon

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located within the center of the brain contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

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thalamus

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largest part of the deencephalon, composed of gray matter. involved in consciousness, emotions, learning, and memory.

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intermediate mass

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bridge of tissue that connect the two egg shaped structures of the thalamus.

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hypothalamus

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small, roughly triangular region contains nuclei

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mammillary bodies

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relay stations for olfaction. two of the nuclei that appear as small swellings on the ventral side of the brain.

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pituitary gland

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pea shaped gland that hypothalamus is connected to by the narrow stalk called the infundibulum

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optic chiasma

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where the optic nerves from each eyeball cross before continuing to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.

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epithalamus

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small area located superior to the thalamus. dominated by the pineal gland (endocrine gland)

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superior part of the brain stem

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mid brain

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bundle of mylineated fibers that connect the upper and lower brain regions. contained in the midbrain

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cerebral peduncles

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composed of two superior colliculi and two inferior colliculi

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corpora quadrigenmina

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clusters of gray matter that regulate reflexes in eye, head, and trunk movements associated with vision

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superior colliculi

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house reflexes associated with auditory stimuli

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inferior colliculi

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function performed by the nervous system that triggers a predictable rapid response for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis.

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reflex

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a reflex resulting in contraction of skeletal muscle

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somatic reflex

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a reflex resulting that causes the contraction of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands

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autonomic (visceral relex

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reflex involve spinal nerves

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spinal reflexes

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reflex involved cranial nerves

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cranial reflexes

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triggers an action potential if the change in environment, or stimulus, is great enough to generate it.

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sensory receptor

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action potential is conducted by this to the CNS, terminates at a synapse in the spinal cord or in the brain stem

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sensory neuron

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the action potential is passed to one or more neurons in the spinal cord or brain stem by way of synapses in order to form this center.

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integration center

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from the integration center, the action potentials passes it to this, which conducts it to an effector

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motor neuron

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action potential stimulates this, performs work which may be in a skeletal muscle or cardic, smooth muscle

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effector

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simple reflex arc composed of only two neurons

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monosynaptic

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involving more neurons and more than one level of the spinal cord

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polysynaptic

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secrete epinephrine

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sympathetic neurons

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secrete acetycholine

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parasympathetic neurons

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sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

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Pathway for Reflex Arc