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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

single motor neuron that controls hundreds of muscle fibers

Motor Unit

muscle contraction that tenses and firms a muscle but does not move it; resting tension

Muscle Tone

contraction where the tension rises and exceeds the resistance> length of the muscle changes


EX- Picking up a book

Isotonic Contraction

contraction where tension exceeds the resistance and the muscle shortens

Concentric Contraction

contractions where the peak tension is less than the resistance, and the muscle elongates because of the contraction of another muscle or gravity.


Eccentric Contraction

Contraction where tension rises and dose not exceed the resistance> length of the muscle remains constant.


EX- muscle contraction that keep you upright.

Isometric Contraction

can release stored energy to convert ADP to ATP

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)


(found on line)

organic acid that will lower the intracellular pH; after a the low pH will change the functional characteristics of important enzymes

Lactic Acid

created during exercise is the amount of oxygen used in the recovery period to restore normal conditions

Oxygen debt

maximum amount of tension produced by a specific muscle or muscle group

Power

amount of time an individual can perform an activity

Endurance

muscles that consist of mainly fast fibers


EX- chicken Brest

White muscles

muscles that consist of mainly slow fibers


EX- chicken legs

Red muscles

enlargement of muscles due to an increase in the diameter of individual muscle fibers. The increase in size if the individual fibers is apparently due to and increase in the number of their myofibrils Can produce more tension

Hypertrophy

reduction in muscle size, tone, power; occurs in muscles that are not stimulated by a motor neuron on a regular basis


EX- your leg size before and after a cast.


Atrophy

Cardiac muscle cell

Cardiocyte

allow for binding of two cardiac cells; direct electrical connection between the cells

intercalated disc

ability to function over a wide renege of lengths

plasticity

elastic elements recoil moves the muscle fibers.

How Series elastic elements help muscles return to resting length

pull the muscle fibers


EX- flexors and extensors

How Contraction of opposing muscle groups help muscles return to their resting length

pull the muscle fibers

How Gravity helps muscles return to throe resting length

process in the mitochondria that:


*uses oxygen


*provides 95% of ATP needed by a resting cell


* sends organic substrates in to the TCA

Aerobic Metabolism

*enzymatic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid


*anaerobic (oxygen not needed)


*produces a net of 2 SPT


*important when the lack of oxygen limits the rate of ATP production

Glycolysis

a muscle can no longer contract regardless of continued neural stimulation because:


*depletion of ATP and CP reserves EX- marathon runner


*Changes in pH due to buildup of lactic acid EX- sprinters


*Physical damage to sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscle Fatigue

*time where conditions inside muscle fibers are returned to pre exertion levels


*varies in length: moderate avtivity- several hours; high activity might take a week


Recovery Period

*muscle fibers rebuild their energy levels


*lactic acid is converted (recycled) back to pyretic acid


*Cori Cycle- Shuffling to lactate to liver and glucose back to muscle cell

recovery period

* Most of the skeletal muscle fibers


* can contract in0.01 second or less


*large in diameter


*contain densely packed myofibrils


Fast Fibers

* large glycogen reserve


*relatively few mitochondria


*produce rapid and powerful contractions of relatively brief duration


* fatigue rapidly

Fast Fibers


*half the diameter of fast fibers


*take three times as long to contract after stimulation


*abundant mitochondria


* an extensive capillary supply

Slow Fibers


*high concentrations of myoglobin


*continue contracting for extended periods


*myoglobin red pigment, protein capable of binding and storing oxygen


*dark red in color


slow fibers

converted and recycled back to pyretic acid

Lactic Acid

* very similar to fast fibers but have a greater resistance to fatigue

Intermediate Fibers

time over which a muscle can support sustained, powerful muscle contractions through anaerobic mechanisms. Use fast muscles fibers because theses are short burst activities.

Anaerobic Endurance

time over which a muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities ( need oxygen)


*maximum endurance, energy demands should remain at or below the anaerobic threshold

Aerobic endurance