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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the quality of being a person or a state of being
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personality
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filipino term for personality by Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez, father of sikolohiyang pilipinas. puts emphasis on inner self as opposed to katauhan/personalidad
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pagkatao
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according to An Introduction to Psychology, defines this as constituted by the characeristic patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that determine a person's adjustment to environment
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personality
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a neurologist born in Austria during the Victorian Era
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Sigmund Freud
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analogy of personality according to freud
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an iceberg
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consists of instincts which are a person's source of psychic energy. it is unconscious, has no contact with reality, and is child-like in its demand for gratification, always seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
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id
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id is governed by _____ principle whereas the ego is governed by the ____ principle
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pleasure, reality
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is partly conscious since it is tasked with higher mental functions such as decision-making, reasoning, and problem-solving; tries to make the pursuit of individual pleasure conform with existing societal considerations
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ego
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addresses the moral considerations of individual actions
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superego
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refer to people's unconscious ways of dealing with conflict; ego distorts reality in some way so that it is able to protect itself from anxiety
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defense mechanism
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works to push unacceptable impulses and traumatic memories back into the unconscious mind and out of awareness
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repression
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occurs when the ego provides a good reason for a behavior, a reason which may not necessarily be the real (and anxiety-generating) one behind the behavior
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rationalization
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is used when failing to accept our own shortcomings and undesirable feelings, we project them onto others and see these others as the ones with the undesirable traits
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projection
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occurs when we transform an unacceptable impulse by giving expression to its opposite
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reaction formation
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a defense mechanism which helps a person cope with difficult circumstances such as illness in the family or a philandering spouse
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denial
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is the psychoanalytic defense mechanism used by individuals who shift unacceptable feelings from one object to another, more acceptable object
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displacement
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a type of displacement, occurs when the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially approved course of action
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sublimation
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occurs when we revert back to the way we used to behave as a younger person, when we assume behaviors which gave us great pleasure during the earlier, less complicated times of our lives
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regression
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he believed that development of an individual revolves around psychosexual concerns
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freud
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when infants derive pleasure and reduce tension by sucking, chewing, and biting
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oral stage
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between ages 18 and 36 months, children derive great pleasure not only from the stimulation of anal muscles(toilet training) but also to achieve tension reduction associated with the elimination of body wastes through the anus
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anal stage
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associated erogenous zone for children of this age who discover the pleasures of self-stimulation
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phallic stage
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when male child develops an intense desire to replace his father and to enjoy his mother's affection
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oedipus complex
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female child envies the male b/c he has a penis, and she doesnt. blaming her mother for the lack of penis, the child renounces her mother and becomes strongly attached to her father
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electra complex
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stage when emotional energies are supposedly channeled to more acceptable and safe concerns such as the development of social and intellectual skills
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latency stage
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time of sexual awakening, with the source of sexual pleasure being someone outside of the family
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genital stage
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the term used when an individual gets locked in an earlier development stage because of under- or over- gratified needs
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fixation
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according to carl jung:
1) analogous to freud's conceptualization of the unconscious mind 2)referred to the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind shared by all human beings because of our common ancestral past |
1) personal unconscious
2) collective unconscious |
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____ filter people's perceptions and experiences, exerting primordial influences on our collective unconscious
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archetypes
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1) passive woman
2) assertive man 3) usually expressed as a figure within a circle 4) our darker, more evil,and immoral self |
1) anima
2) animus 3) self 4) shadow |
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believed in the capacity of individuals to consciously monitor and give direction to our lives; he also believed that social factors are more important than sexual motivation in personality development
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Alfred Adler
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process of developing one's own abilities in order to overcome real or imagined inferiorities
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compensation
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when ppl try to hide a weakness or deny the existence of a real situation of inferiority
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overcompensation
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-exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy
-exaggerated self-importance, assumed mainly to mask very strong feelings of inferiority |
-inferiority complex
-superiority complex |
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she rejected the freudian notion that anatomy determines behavior; she thinks the prime motivation among humans is not sex or aggression, but the need for security
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Karen Horney
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three main strategies that individuals use to cope with life's problems (Horney)
1) being dependent 2) being more independent 3) being aggressive |
1) moving towards people, seeking love and support
2) moving away from people 3) moving against people, becoming competitive and domineering |
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russian psychologist created classical conditioning interventions
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Ivan Pavlov
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american psychologist created operant conditioning ones; father of behaviorism
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John Watson
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for him, a person's personality is simply a collection of his/her observable behavior and outward/overt behaviors, all of which were learned through a series of reward and punishment experiences
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B.F. Skinner
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approach to study of personality
1) when s-stimulus and r-response 2) where the box represents an individual about whom nothing needs be known to understand his/her behavior |
1) S-R approach
2) "black box" approach |
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more cognitive interpretations of behavior
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cognitive social learning theory of personality
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refers to a belief of a person that certain behaviors will probably lead to the attainment of important goals (Julian Rotter)
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expectancy
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in this theory, one must consider how a person views and constructs the world as he or she experiences it (George Kelly)
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personal constructs
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the ability of an individual to delay immediate satisfaction for a more desirable outcome in the near future
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delay of gratification
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when seeing someone else rewarded for a good behavior or punished for a bad one (Walter Mischel)
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vicarious learning
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concept when he/she believes that he/she can master a situation so that it will lead to positive outcomes
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self-efficacy
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emphasizes the importance of an individual's unique view of the world in trying to understand personality
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phenomenological perspective
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carl roger:
"i will praise/love you only if you conform to our standards" |
conditional positive regard
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refers to an individual's overall perceptions of his or her own abilities, behavior, and personality
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self-concept
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self as a result of experiences
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real self
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the self the person would like to be
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ideal self
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recognizing each other's worth and dignity
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unconditional positive regard
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(maslow)
needs that are related to an individual's physiological needs and psychological needs |
deficiency needs
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refer to such higher needs as the need for truth, beauty, goodness, wholeness, vitality, uniqueness, perfection, and justice; metaneeds or self-actualizing needs
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growth needs
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process which aimed at making psychological concepts, theories, and methods more culturally meaningful
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indigenization
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three reflections of filipino personality:
1) pagkatawo: ginhawa, buot, isip, dungan, kalag 2) bait, muni, hatol 3) kaluluwa, budhi, katauhang panlabas, katauhang panloob |
1) Ma'aram concept
2) Baltazar 3) Covar |
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1) one of the personality traits that cuts across cultures:
2) outwardness of a person's orientation 3) referring to a person's power and mobility in a horizontal direction (Mcrae and Costa) |
1) sociability
2) extraversion 3) surgency or social potency |
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seoond trait factor(Mcrae and Costa) as a human universal is; when a person, no matter his or her cultural background, may be anywhere on a continuum describing the individual as irritable, ruthless, and selfish on one end, and good-natured, soft-hearted, and selfless on the other
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agreeableness
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trait characterized by "careless-careful", "undependable-reliable", and "negligent-conscientious"
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consciousntiousness
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assesses an individual's emotional stability
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neuroticism
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